【正文】 moreover, distinguish the reasoning rule or positive hypothetical reasoning called ‘the reasoning fundamental of propositional logic’: p if p, then q qfrom the formula of propositional calculus.’[18] Although to every wellknown reasoning rule, there is a wellknown calculus formula accordingly, we should respect Popper’s warning and edification, and not confuse mealanguage with objective language or else we may make mistakes and bring up against paradox. I think ‘the reasoning rule’ referred by Popper here is also denoting ‘logical rule’ and the actual meaning of ‘logical calculuses’ is regarded as a process of how to constitute practical logical calculuses in order to use calculus formula and consequently let logical calculuses be applied to reality. Herein, I maintain that we should make an effort to grasp the method of constituting practical logical calculuses and make sure that the reasoning rules can be applied to re。 just like we have said, all of the principles are conjectural, though some principles are more conjectural than other principles.’[17]The basis of Popper’s argumentation is always the falsification of principles, though if we try to create a new principle, it will suffer from the danger of being falsified, in order to get preciser theories, we should still dare to use universal names to seek after all the mysteries in the world. Otherwise, language will be purportless. How logical calculus and arithmetical calculus can be applied to reality Generally, all of the logical calculuses are directed by the reasoning rules. Popper protests that to every proverbial reasoning rules, there is an assertive (could be proved) wellknown formula. Thus it can be seen that we regard logical calculus as a process, when we are in the process of using logical calculus, we will inevitably obey reasoning rules and make use of the formulas of logical calculuses in order to let the logical calculuses be applied to reality. Popper maintains that arithmetical calculus is a particular kind of logical calculuses, and its difference from other kinds of logical calculuses is that it could be used to describe some types of facts directly. If we want to prehend what the exact meaning of reasoning rules is when used as an instruction of logical calculuses, we must know that language denotes a kind of formal symbolic system which allows us to make true statements. A right reasoning rule will not meet counterexample in this kind of symbolic system, because none of counterexample exists at all. Popper thinks that we just need the formal character of reasoning rules. At the same time, we should realize that reasoning rules always concern with the statements of statements or concern with the statements of the generic statements, thereby they are mealanguages, and also conclude something about all of the generic statements unconditionally。 every statement has the character of a theory, of a hypothesis. The statement, ‘Here is a glass of water’ cannot be verified by any observational experience. The reason is that the universals which appear in it cannot be correlated with any specific senseexperience. (An ‘immediate experience’ is only once ‘immediately given’。 perhaps forces, fields of forces, propensities, structures。 or someone seemingly does something easily, however, he tells me in private that he can hardly bear the intensity of the work. Because there are many causes like the foregoing examples, in order to know all the details clearly, we have to think with the help of “wise mon sense” and in other words cognizing reality explicitly. But we probably can not help to ask: Are the phenomena and reality pletely disparate from each other? Popper says: ‘No’! He also maintains two disparate kinds of reality, one is superficial reality and the other is profound reality. And the former could be entitled phenomenon, videlicet, phenomenon could be a kind of superficial reality, phenomenon could contain this kind of reality, such as a reflection in the mirror. Diverse real things are the foundation of real feelings and these real things prise different kinds of mutinous objects (here, ‘objects’ mean something relies on our activities),such as stones、trees、human bodies and so on. In addition, Popper maintains there is a kind of profound reality, ‘but there are many sorts of reality which are quite different’, he says, ‘such as our subjective decoding of our experiences of foodstuffs, stones, and trees and human bodies. Examples of other sorts in this manysorted universe are: a toothache, a word, language, a highway code, a novel, a governmental decision。s nest even though none bird lives in it. Similarly, a book is still a book, even though nobody has read it before. Another meaningful purport of this viewpoint is that most of the content which concerns with practical theories and potential theories、books and arguments included in the third world is the byproduct of the books had been published and the arguments had been brought forward. Otherwise, Popper holds a striking standpoint, he indicates that language itself is an unlookedfor byproduct when we are originally engaged in another activity。 Lastly, it is the world of ideaistic objective viscera, especially the world of thoughts of science and poems and art works. Popper once claimed he was a realist publicly. He thinks that epistemology is a principle concerning with science knowledge and he is almost a naive realist who asserts there is a physical world and a conscious world which can influence each other. He also believes there is a third world and explains how it affects the other two worlds detailedly. An important member in ‘the third world’ is the system of theories. Problems and the states of issues are also significant. The most important members in the third world are critical arguments that are called discussing states