【正文】 13. 如果兩國各在某一商品上具有絕對優(yōu)勢，那么兩國在相應(yīng)的商品上也必然具有比較優(yōu)勢，這句話對嗎？請評論。 12. 假設(shè)某一國家擁有 20220 萬單位的勞動， X、 Y 產(chǎn)品的單位產(chǎn)出所要求的勞動投入分別為 5 個單位和 4 個單位，試確定生產(chǎn)可能性邊界方程。在這種情況下，貿(mào)易模式和生產(chǎn)模式會怎樣（提示：畫出世界相對供給曲線）？ 11. 在李嘉圖模型中，如果 A 國在兩種產(chǎn)品上都具有絕對優(yōu)勢，那么貿(mào)易后 A 國的名義工資水平肯定高于 B 國。 表 2 單位產(chǎn)品勞動投入 奶酪 葡萄酒 本國 aLC = 1 小時 /磅 aLW = 2 小時 /加侖 外國 aLC * = 6 小時 /磅 aLW * = 3 小時 /加侖 a. 在無貿(mào)易條件下，本國用各種商品表示的勞動的實際工資分別是多少？外國呢？哪個國家勞動的實際工資更高？ b. 假定在自由貿(mào)易條件下，均衡的價格比率為 1，本國 用奶酪表示的實際工資是多少？國際貿(mào)易后，本國用葡萄酒表示的新的實際工資是多少？這表明本國的貿(mào)易收益狀況如何？外國用葡萄酒表示的實際工資是多少？國際貿(mào)易后，外國用奶酪表示的新的實際工資是多少？這表明外國的貿(mào)易收益狀況如何？ c. 在自由貿(mào)易情況下，哪個國家勞動的實際工資比較高？絕對優(yōu)勢的重要性體現(xiàn)在何處？ 10. 我們重點討論了只包含兩個國家的例子。在李嘉圖模 型中，對于某工人所生產(chǎn)的任何產(chǎn)品來說，他只是根據(jù)其勞動生產(chǎn)率得到報酬，這就是他的以這種產(chǎn)品表示的實際工資。 a. 哪個國家在葡萄酒的生產(chǎn)上具有絕對優(yōu)勢？哪個國家在奶酪的生產(chǎn)上具有絕對優(yōu)勢？ b. 哪個國家在葡萄酒的生產(chǎn)上具有比較優(yōu)勢？哪個國家在奶酪的生產(chǎn)上具有比較優(yōu)勢？ c. 在開放貿(mào)易后，兩個國家各出口何種商品？如果均衡國際價格比率是每磅奶酪 1/2 瓶葡萄酒，各國的生產(chǎn)會發(fā)生什么變化？ 14 9. 實際工資的含義是每小時勞動的報酬所具有的購買力。 if we allow Korea to export as much as it likes to the United States, our workers will be forced down to the same level. You can’t import a $5 shirt without importing the $ wage that goes with it.” Discuss. 7. 請對下列觀點加以評價： （ 1）只有當(dāng)一個國家的生產(chǎn) 率達到足以在國際競爭中立足的水平時，它才能從自由貿(mào)易中獲益； （ 2）如果來自外國的競爭是建立在低工資的基礎(chǔ)上，那么這種競爭是不公平的，而且會損害其他參與競爭的國家； （ 3）如果一個國家的工人比其他國家工人的工資低，那么貿(mào)易就會使這個國家受到剝削并使福利惡化。s unit labor requirement in apple production is 5, while in banana production it is 1. a. Graph Foreign39。s was flatter to the butter axis. We now learn that the German wage doubles, but . wages do not change at all. We now know that A. the United States has no parative advantage. B. Germany has a parative advantage in butter. C. the United States has a parative advantage in butter. D. Not enough information is given. E. None of the above. 10 Essay Questions 1. Many countries in SubSaharan Africa have very low labor productivities in many sectors, in manufacturing and agriculture. They often despair of even trying to attempt to build their industries unless it is done in an autarkic context, behind protectionist walls because they do not believe they can pete with more productive industries abroad. Discuss this issue in the context of the Ricardian model of parative advantage. 2. In 1975, wage levels in South Korea were roughly 5% of those in the United States. It is obvious that if the United States had allowed Korean goods to be freely imported into the United States at that time, this would have caused devastation to the standard of living in the United States.,because no producer in this country could possibly pete with such low wages. Discuss this assertion in the context of the Ricardian model of parative advantage. 3. The evidence cited in the chapter using the examples of the East Asia New Industrializing Countries suggests that as international productivities converge, so do international wage levels. Why do you suppose this happened for the East Asian NICs? In light of your answer, what do you think is likely to happen to the relative wages (relative to those in the United States) of China in the ing decade? Explain your reasoning. 4. When we examine the 2 Good 2 Country version of the Ricardian model of parative advantage, we note that parative advantage is totally determined by physical productivity ratios. Changes in wage rates in either country cannot affect these physically determined parative advantages, and hence cannot affect, which product will be exported by which country. However, when more than 2 goods are added to the model (still with 2 countries), changes in wage rates in one or the other country can in fact determine which good or goods each of the countries will export. How can you explain this anomaly? 5. An examination of the Ricardian model of parative advantage yields the clear result that trade is (potentially) beneficial for each of the two trading partners since it allows for an expanded consumption choice for each. However, for the world as a whole the expansion of production of one product must involve a decrease in the availability of the other, so that it is not clear that trade is better for the world as a whole as pared to an initial situation of nontrade (but efficient production in each country). Are there in fact gains from trade for the world as a whole? Explain. 11 Quantitative/Graphing Problems 1. Given the following information: Unit Labor Requirements Cloth Widgets Home 100 200 Foreign 60 30 What is the opportunity cost of Cloth in terms of Widgets in Foreign? 2. Given the following information: Unit Labor Requirements Cloth Widgets Home 100 200 Foreign 60 30 If these two countries trade these two goods in the context of the Ricardian model of parative advantage, then what is the lower limit of the world equilibrium price of widgets? 3. Given the following information: Unit Labor Requirements Cloth Widgets Home 100 200 Foreign 60 30 If these two countries trade these two goods with each other in according to the Ricardian model of parative advantage, what is the lower limit for the price of cloth? 4. Given the following information: