【正文】 反過來，對土地以及穩(wěn)定鄉(xiāng)村生活的深深的依戀孕育了羅馬人的品格： gravitas，一種責(zé)任。完全也可能是 Latium平原 ——拉丁人最初建立羅馬的地方，早就 了羅馬人陸地定居、陸地財產(chǎn)、陸地經(jīng)濟(jì)、陸地行政以及以陸地基礎(chǔ)社會的性格和技巧。 Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the anization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a landbased society. From this arose the Roman genius for military anization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders 產(chǎn)生 , fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, peitas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order. 毫無疑問的是，為了解釋羅馬現(xiàn)象，人們應(yīng)該極大的強(qiáng)調(diào)他們的幾乎是本能的領(lǐng)土觀念。希臘人死守著海洋，羅馬人則死守著土地。然而，他們之間本質(zhì)的區(qū)別是不容否認(rèn)的。希臘沿著地中海擴(kuò)張，然而羅馬帝國則通過領(lǐng)土的占領(lǐng)而壯大。 the Roman, a landsman. 羅馬人對統(tǒng)一和團(tuán)結(jié)的執(zhí)著可能源自于羅馬早期的發(fā)展模式。 the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea。 The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome‘s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single anism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time。組織上的羈絆則基于法律和行政的一般原則，以及遍布各地、統(tǒng)一行動的軍政府。羅馬墻上的石塊 是靠設(shè)計的規(guī)整和特別有力的粘合劑而被固定在一起，與此相同羅馬帝國的各個部分也因物理的、組織的和精神的束縛而組成了一個堅若磐石的整體。 gypsum: a mineral made of calcium sulfate 硫酸鹽 and water 13． Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong 8 in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. An expedition to the Mediterranean answered some longstanding questions about the ocean’s history. ○ ○ ○ Answer choices 1. The Glomar Challenger expedition investigated changes in invertebrate fauna and some unusual geologic features. 2. Researchers collected fossils to determine which new species migrated from the Atlantic with older species. 3. Scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger were the first to discover the existence of domelike masses underneath the seafloor. 4. Samples recovered from the expedition revealed important differences in chemical position and fossil distribution among the sediment layers. 5. Evidence collected by the Glomar Challenger supports geologists39。不久后海洋軟泥層開始在老的硬地層上堆積。湍急的水流沖擊并摧毀了堅硬的含鹽層，使把它們磨成了 Challenger 號獲得的第一份樣品中所觀察到的鵝卵石。然后， 550 萬年前發(fā)生了洪水。后來，在上層沉淀物的重壓下，鹽向上形成了含鹽的圓頂。隨著蒸發(fā)的繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，鹽水濃度太高以致硬地層的硫酸鈣發(fā)生沉淀。由蒸發(fā)引起的越來越高的鹽度造成無脊椎動物種類的滅絕 。調(diào)查者們構(gòu)思了這樣的理論：大約 2020 萬年前，地中海是一條寬闊的航道，它通過兩條狹窄的海峽與大西洋連接。keid 串聯(lián)的 spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent [39。br?:lt?] 直布羅陀 where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded [k230。 The time had e to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species. Only a few anisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. [pri39。當(dāng)鉆到地中海盆地中心的最深處時，科學(xué)家們從鉆管中獲得了堅實的、光亮的結(jié)晶鹽。 而且，這些膏狀物的組成和結(jié)構(gòu)特性表明它們形成于沙漠。周圍沒有鵝卵石被發(fā)現(xiàn)，這可能說明這些小石頭不來自附近的大陸。 1970 年 8 月 23 日，他們恢復(fù)了一個樣本。它們是像美國海灣海岸一帶的含鹽圓 7 頂狀巨塊嗎？如果是的話，為什么在地中海海底之下會有這么多堅硬的結(jié)晶鹽呢？ With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of gypsum[39。為什么這最近的動物滅絕和遷移會發(fā)生呢？ Another task for the Glomar Challenger‘s scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike 穹頂形狀的 masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. These structures had been detected years earlier by echosounding instruments, but they had never been perated in the course of drilling. Were they salt domes such as are mon along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean? Glomar Challenger 號上 科學(xué)家們的另一個任務(wù)是嘗試去確定深埋在地中海海底穹頂狀巨塊的起源。一些動物成功地遷移到了大西洋。其中一個問題是有關(guān)地中海地區(qū)無脊椎動物（沒有脊椎的動物） 600 百萬年前發(fā)生劇變的證據(jù)。 14. There are several possible explanations why people cannot easily remember their early childhoods． ● ● ● Answer Choices typically do not recall events from their first year. lobe function of the brain may need to develop before memory retrieval can occur. recall physical activities more easily if they are verbalized． 4. The opportunity to hear chronologically narrated stories may help threeyearold children produce longlasting memories． content of a memory determines the way in which it is encoded contrasting ways in which young children and adults process information may determine their relative success in remembering． The Geologic History of the Mediterranean In 1970 geologists Kenh J. Hsu and William . Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographic research vessel Glomar Challenger. An objective of this particular cr