【正文】 there was nothing left for him but to give in. I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining. 下面一些短語是固定搭配，不帶 to ： can not help but, can not choose but, can not but, do nothing but, have nothing to do but 。 6 ）在介詞 but, except 之后，如果其前有動詞 do 的某種形式，其后不定式一般不帶 to ，反之則必須帶 to ，表示 “ 不得不，只能 ” 。我聽說過他。 I39。 John let fly a torrent of abuse at me 。例如： They let go off the rope 。例如： help the old lady(to)carry the heavy box. 4 ）在 had better, would rather, may/might as well, rather than, cannot but 等搭配之后，動詞不定式也不帶 to 。例如： I often heard him say that he would study hard. I must have him see his own mistakes. 但是，當(dāng)這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)移為被動語態(tài)時，后面的不帶 to 不定式一般轉(zhuǎn)換為帶 to 不定式。歸納起來，以下情況下使用不帶 to 不定式： 1 ）在 can/could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, must, need, dare 等情態(tài)動詞之后，動詞不定式不帶 to 。例如： Her daughter will make an even bigger effort to please her. I have no wish to quarrel with you. Neither of them had any inclination to do business with Mary. （ 5 ）不定式作狀語 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語通常都能轉(zhuǎn)換為限制性狀語從句 。例如： Have you got a key to unlock door? The action to be taken is correct. There is nothing to be gained by pretending. 第三種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的同位結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： There was really nothing to fear. He gave me an interesting book to read. 如果不定式是不及物動詞，后面就得加相應(yīng)的介詞。 She considers it necessary to make friends with them. We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o39。 He does not know when to start. You can decide whether to continue or to stop. I will show you how to deal with it. 有時，不定式可由 it 代替，而把不定式放到后面去。（須記住） He managed to solve the plicated problem The stranger offered to show me the way. undertook to build a new plant in South Africa. 動詞 + 疑問代（副）詞 + 不定式：這類動詞常見的有： advise, decide, discuss, find out, fet, inquire ,know, learn, regard, remember, see, teach, tell, understand, wonder 等。 It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review. It is not difficult f or those talented students to pass the exam. 在某些形容詞（如： careless, clever, considerate, foolish, good, impolite, kind, naughty, nice, silly, stupid 等）作表語時，不定式后可以加 of 來引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語： It is very kind of you to tell me the truth. It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing. 2 ）不定式作賓語 不定式作賓語有兩種：一種是及物動詞后直接跟帶 to 的不定式，另一種是 “ 及物動詞 + 疑問句 + 帶 to 的不定式 ” 。 2. 不定式的用法 1 ）不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語 To get contact with family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago. To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge. 在上述情況下，如果不定式較長，顯得頭重腳輕，則可由代詞 it 作形式主語（形式主語 it 不可由 that 或 this 等其他代詞代替），而將不定式放在后面。助動詞除 be 和 have 外，沒有不定式形式。s instruction that she must study hard. The question whether or not I should help him in such a case troubled me greatly. 動詞不定式 1. 不定式的基本形式與結(jié)構(gòu) 動詞不定式指通常由 to 加上動詞原形（如 ro write ）所構(gòu)成 的一種非限定性動詞形式，但在有些情況下 to 可以省略。同位詞從句由 that 引導(dǎo)，也可由 whether, how, why, where, when 等來引導(dǎo)。由 because 引起的表語從句通常只用在 “this/that/it is because” 結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如： I was amazed how he could pass the exam without attending the lectures. He is confident that he will pass the Band 6 examination. She was surprised how simple his problem was. We are all pleased that he will be able to pass the final examination. 3 ）表語從句 表語從句對主語的內(nèi)容起解釋和闡述的作用；若表語從句用 that 引起， that 起連接作用，不能省略。例如： I can hardly believe in what they have done. He doesn39。t change my mind of staying at home. 2 ）賓語從句 賓語從句可由 that, 疑問代詞或副詞 how, why 和 where 等引出。例如： It is reported that Taiwanese pop singer Meng Tingwei will hold a solo concert in Shanghai someday this month. It must be pointed out that you have failed to meet the deadline. It usually happened that I was late because of traffic jams. 主語從句還可用 when, where, how, why, whether 等連接副詞，和 who ， whom ， whose ， what ， which ， whoever ， whatever ， whichever 等連接代詞來引起。例如： When well fitted ， glasses can correct most sight defects in healthy eyes. If necessary, I would like to see you in your office. Although seriously wounded, he never plained 3. 名詞從句 名詞從名包括主語從句、賓語從句，其中有介詞與形容詞的賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。s bombing at China39。s health, which is known to everyone. 2. 狀語從句 狀語從句可分為：時間狀語從句（主要由 when, whenever, after, before, as, since, once, as soon as, until, while ） so……that such……that though, although, no matter, even if however, whatever as, because, since for is, whether, as long as, provided that where as The small greenish flowers of the elm tree appear in the spring, long before the leaves grow. Qiong Yao39。 as 也可用作關(guān)系代詞。此類從句省略后其余部分仍可成立。例如： Henrey Ford is the person who is most responsible for developing the idea of mass production. The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg. The next morning when she came down to breakfast, Mary was beaming with the pleasure ( 眉飛色舞 , 笑逐顏開 )of a new, great discovery. The visiting professor is a famous scientist whose son studies in my department. 在下列情況，限定性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞可以省略； 1 ）當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語或表語；或它們在從句中作介詞的賓詞，而該介詞又在句末時； 2 ）當(dāng)先行詞是 that, all, only, everything, something, nothing 等代詞時，或先行詞前有一個最高級形容詞修飾時； 3 ）當(dāng)先行詞前有 only, any, all, first, no, last 等修飾時 ，或先行詞就是 time, moment, way(anyway) direction, distance 等名詞時，關(guān)系代詞即可省略。 where 是關(guān)系副詞，用于表示地點(diǎn)的定語從句，而 when 用來表示時間。例如： You39。 which 作賓語時，先行詞與 which 之間的介詞不能省。 1. 定語從句 限定性定語從句中 that 可代表人和事，而 which 只代表事；二者在從句中作主語或賓語。狀語從句分為時間、結(jié)果、讓步原因、條件及 行為方式狀語從句。例如： The magazine that I bought the day before yesterday costs me twenty and a half yuan. Some critics maintain that when a work of literature lacks reference to the general experience of mankind, it fails as art. 從句 從句分為定語從句，狀語從句和名詞從句三大類。 1 ）動詞的被動語態(tài)有以下幾種時態(tài)的變化（以 find 為例：） 現(xiàn) 在時： is (are)found 將來時： shall (will)be found 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時： is (are)being found 現(xiàn)在完成時： have (has)been found 將來完成時： shall (will)have been found 過去時： was (were)found 過去將來時： should (would)be found 過去進(jìn)行時： was (were)being found 過去完成時： had been found 過去將來完成時：