【正文】 。 2020 年， WebWork 與 Struts 這兩個(gè)優(yōu)秀的 Java EE Web 框架 (Web Framework〕的團(tuán)體，決定合作共同開發(fā)一個(gè)新的，整合了 WebWork 與 Struts 優(yōu)點(diǎn)，并且更加優(yōu)雅、擴(kuò)展性更強(qiáng)的框架，命名為 “Struts 2”，原 Struts 的 版本產(chǎn)品稱為 “Struts 1”。為了擺脫上述的約束與局限，把業(yè)務(wù)邏輯代碼從表現(xiàn)層中清晰的分離出來， 2020年，Craig McClanahan 采用了 MVC 的設(shè)計(jì)模式開發(fā) Struts。 發(fā)展歷程 在 Java EE 的 Web應(yīng)用發(fā)展的初期，除了使用 Servlet 技術(shù)以外，普遍是在 JavaServer Pages (JSP)的源代碼中，采用 HTML 與 Java 代碼混合的方式進(jìn)行開發(fā)。在 Struts 的視圖（ View） 端，除了使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的 JavaServer Pages（ JSP）以外，還提供了大量的標(biāo)簽庫(kù)使用，同時(shí)也可以與其他表現(xiàn)層組件技術(shù)（產(chǎn)品）進(jìn)行整合，比如 Velocity Templates， XSLT 等。在 MVC 的 模型（ Model）部分，經(jīng)常劃分為兩個(gè)主要子系統(tǒng)（系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)部數(shù)據(jù)狀態(tài)與改變數(shù)據(jù)狀態(tài)的邏輯動(dòng)作），這兩個(gè)概念子系統(tǒng)分別具體對(duì)應(yīng) Struts 里的 ActionForm 與 Action 兩個(gè)需要繼承實(shí)現(xiàn)超類。它通過采用 Java Servlet/JSP 技術(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了基于 Java EE Web 應(yīng)用的 ModelViewController〔 MVC〕設(shè)計(jì)模式的應(yīng)用框架〔 Web Framework〕，是 MVC 經(jīng)典設(shè)計(jì)模式中的一個(gè)經(jīng)典產(chǎn)品。 if the controller receives such a request it calls the corresponding Action class which interacts with the application specific model code. The model code returns an ActionForward, a string telling the controller which output page to send to the client. Information is passed between model and view in the form of special JavaBeans. A powerful custom tag library allows it to read and write the content of these beans from the presentation layer without the need for any embedded Java code. Struts also supports i18n (internationalization), provides facilities for the validation of data submitted by web forms, and includes a template mechanism called Tiles which (for instance) allows the presentation layer to be posed from independent header, footer, and content ponents. Competing MVC frameworks Although Struts is a well documented, mature and popular framework for building front ends to Java applications, it is facing new challenges from newer light weight MVC frameworks such as Spring MVC, Stripes and Tapestry. The new XForms standards and frameworks may also be another option to building plex web Form validations with Struts in the future. The WebWork framework spun off from Apache Struts several years ago, aiming to offer enhancements and refinements while retaining the same general architecture of the original Struts framework. However, it was announced in December 2020 that Struts would remerge with WebWork. WebWork has been adopted as Apache Struts 2, which reached its first full release in February 2020. Sun recently brought out a new addition to the Java platform, called JavaServer Faces (JSF). Aside from the original framework, the Apache Struts project also offers a JSFbased framework called Shale. Other MVC frameworks that are not J2EE based include Ruby on Rails, WebObjects, Django, Catalyst, TurboGears, CakePHP, Symfony (for PHP), Zend, Achievo ATK, and CodeIgniter (for PHP). Struts4php is a version of the Struts framework for the PHP web scripting language. Girders is a port of the Struts framework in C for Microsoft .NET. === 中文 === Struts 是 Apache 軟件基金會(huì)（ ASF）贊助的一個(gè)開源項(xiàng)目。t support all the relations of the database engine. Personal Edition (Personal Edition), Mainly used in mobile users, because they often disconnected, and from the work of applications running still need SQL Server 2020 support. Besides the transaction copy, able to support all functions of SQL Server 2020 standard version of the support. Edition) Developer Edition (Developer Suitable application development version, support except graphical Server2020 SQL language setting beyond all the other functions. This version is mainly used in the programmer development application, will SQL Server 2020 as data storage area. Although development version of the function, but only authorized for a development and testing system, not a product server. 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