【正文】 And I can only remend that you do the same.
　　Thank you for your attention.
　　(Applause)
。Sleep is God. Go worship.amp。t some sort of crystalwaving nonsense. This is a pragmatic response to good health. If you have good sleep, it increases your concentration, attention, decisionmaking, creativity, social skills, health. If you get sleep, it reduces your mood changes, your stress, your levels of anger, your impulsivity, and your tendency to drink and take drugs. And we finished by saying that an understanding of the neuroscience of sleep is really informing the way we think about some of the causes of mental illness, and indeed is providing us new ways to treat these incredibly debilitating conditions.
　　Jim Butcher, the fantasy writer, said, amp。re really beginning to understand how both sleep and mental illness are generated and regulated within the brain. The second area is that if we can use sleep and sleep disruption as an early warning signal, then we have the chance of going in. If we know that these individuals are vulnerable, early intervention then bees possible. And the third, which I think is the most exciting, is that we can think of the sleep centers within the brain as a new therapeutic target. Stabilize sleep in those individuals who are vulnerable, we can certainly make them healthier, but also alleviate some of the appalling symptoms of mental illness.
　　So let me just finish. What I started by saying is take sleep seriously. Our attitudes toward sleep are so very different from a preindustrial age, when we were almost wrapped in a duvet. We used to understand intuitively the importance of sleep. And this isnamp。ve got, in these connections, some really exciting things. In terms of the neuroscience, by understanding the neuroscience of these two systems, weamp。ve shown that in those young individuals who are at high risk of developing bipolar disorder, they already have a sleep abnormality prior to any clinical diagnosis of bipolar. The other bit of data was that sleep disruption may actually exacerbate, make worse the mental illness state. My colleague Dan Freeman has used a range of agents which have stabilized sleep and reduced levels of paranoia in those individuals by 50 percent.
　　So what have we got? Weamp。s been linked to schizophrenia, which, when mutated, also smashes the sleep. So we have evidence of a genuine mechanistic overlap between these two important systems.
　　Other work flowed from these studies. The first was that sleep disruption actually precedes certain types of mental illness, and weamp。s the evidence for that? Well, genes that have been shown to be very important in the generation of normal sleep, when mutated, when changed, also predispose individuals to mental health problems. And last year, we published a study which showed that a gene thatamp。s going on? And the really exciting news is that mental illness and sleep are not simply associated but they are physically linked within the brain. The neural networks that predispose you to normal sleep, give you normal sleep, and those that give you normal mental health are overlapping. And whatamp。s going on in terms of sleep disruption. We have a big study which we published last year on schizophrenia, and the data were quite extraordinary. In those individuals with schizophrenia, much of the time, they were awake during the night phase and then they were asleep during the day. Other groups showed no 24hour patterns whatsoever. Their sleep was absolutely smashed. And some had no ability to regulate their sleep by the lightdark cycle. They were getting up later and later and later and later each night. It was smashed.
　　So whatamp。s going on? Lots of groups, several groups are studying conditions like depression, schizophrenia and bipolar, and whatamp。 ignoring the fact that for a hundred years previously, sleep disruption had been reported before antipsychotics.
　　So whatamp。s the antipsychotics causing the sleep problems,amp。re on antipsychotics. Itamp。Yes, well, of course you have sleep disruption in schizophrenia because theyamp。s been largely ignored. In the 1970s, when people started to think about this again, they said, am