【正文】 they involve multiple ponents of a single event “bound” together. Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information. In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event. Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another. Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when. Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information. Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodiclike” memory.Q4: The primary purpose of the passage is toA. explain how the findings of a particular experiment have been interpreted and offer an alternative interpretationB. describe a particular experiment and point out one of its limitationsC. present similarities between human memory and animal memoryD. point out a flaw in the argument that a certain capacity is uniquely humanE. account for the unexpected behavior of animal subjects in a particular experimentQ5:According to the passage, Clayton’s experiment depended on the fact that scrub jays A. recall “when” and “where” information more distinctly than “what” informationB. are not able to retain information about a single past event for an indefinitely long period of timeC. choose peanuts over crickets when the crickets have been stored for a long period of timeD. choose crickets over peanuts whenever both are availableE. prefer peanuts that have been stored for a short period to crickets that have been stored for a short periodQ6: The passage suggests that Clayton’s experiment demonstrated scrub jays’ ability to A. choose different storage places for different kinds of food to minimize the rate at which a food will degradeB. unlearn a behavior they use in the wild in order to adapt to laboratory conditionsC. bind together information about different aspects of a single past eventD. reexperience a past event in memory and act accordinglyE. distinguish one learning event from a subsequent learning eventGWD12Q7:It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?A. Animals’ abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory.B. Animals do not share humans’ abilities to reexperience the past through memory.C. The accuracy of animals’ memories is difficult to determine through direct experimentation.D. Humans tend to recollect single bits of information more accurately than do animals.E. The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory.GWD12Q8 to Q10: Acting on the remendation of a British government mittee investigating the high incidence in white lead factories of illness among employees, most of whom were women, the Home Secretary proposed in 1895 that Parliament enact legislation that would prohibit women from holding most jobs in white lead factories. Although the Women’s Industrial Defence Committee (WIDC), formed in 1892 in response to earlier legislative attempts to restrict women’s labor, did not discount the white lead trade’s potential health dangers, it opposed the proposal, viewing it as yet another instance of limiting women’s work opportunities. Also opposing the proposal was the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women (SPEW), which attempted to challenge it by investigating the causes of illness in white lead factories. SPEW contended, and WIDC concurred, that controllable conditions in such factories were responsible for the development of lead poisoning. SPEW provided convincing evidence that lead poisoning could be avoided if workers were careful and clean and if already extant workplace safety regulations were stringently enforced. However, the Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL), which had ceased in the late 1880’s to oppose restrictions on women’s labor, supported the eventually enacted proposal, in part because safety regulations were generally not being enforced in white lead factories, where there were no unions (and little prospect of any) to pressure employers to ply with safety regulations.Q8: Which of the following, if true, would most clearly support the contention attributed to SPEW in lines 3034 (“SPEW contended … lead poisoning”)?A. Those white lead factories that most strongly enforced regulations concerning worker safety and hygiene had the lowest incidences of lead poisoning among employees.B. The incidence of lead poisoning was much higher among women who worked in white lead factories than among women who worked in other types of factories.C. There were many household sources of lead that could have contributed to the incidence of lead poisoning among women who also worked outside the home in the late nineteenth century.D. White lead factories were more stringent than were certain other types of factories in their enforcement of workplace safety regulations.E. Even brief exposure to the conditions typically found in white lead factories could cause lead poisoning among factory workers