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通貨膨脹與失業(yè)ppt課件-wenkub.com

2025-04-26 04:01 本頁面
   

【正文】 沃爾克的反通貨膨脹 ? When Paul Volcker was Fed chairman in the 1970s, inflation was widely viewed as one of the nation’s foremost problems. ? Volcker succeeded in reducing inflation (from 10 percent to 4 percent), but at the cost of high employment (about 10 percent in 1983). ? 19811984: ? Fiscal policy was expansionary, ? so Fed policy had to be very contractionary to reduce inflation. Figure 11 The Volcker Disinflation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 Unemployment Rate (percent) Inflation Rate (percent per year) 1980 1981 1982 1984 1986 1985 1979 A 1983 B 1987 C Copyright 169。 ? 犧牲率 The sacrifice ratio是每減少一個(gè)百分點(diǎn)的通貨膨脹所損失的年產(chǎn)出百分點(diǎn)數(shù)。 2022 SouthWestern 四、降低通貨膨脹的成本 ?要減少通貨膨脹,必須實(shí)行緊縮性貨幣政策 ?當(dāng) Fed放慢貨幣增長率時(shí),總需求減少,這回減少物品和勞務(wù)的產(chǎn)量,導(dǎo)致失業(yè)率上升。 ?它使總需求曲線移動(dòng),進(jìn)而也使菲利普斯曲線移動(dòng)。 ?短期菲利普斯曲線也可以根據(jù)總供給的變化而移動(dòng)。 ? 70年代和 80年代,經(jīng)濟(jì)同時(shí)經(jīng)歷了高通貨膨脹和高失業(yè)。 2022 SouthWestern (三)自然率假說的自然實(shí)驗(yàn) ? 自然率假說 naturalrate hypothesis :無論通貨膨脹如何,事業(yè)最終要回到其自然率。 ? 美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)通過增加貨幣供給引起未預(yù)期到的通貨膨脹的能力只存在于短期。 Figure 3 The LongRun Phillips Curve Unemployment Rate 0 Natural rate of unemployment Inflation Rate Longrun Phillips curve B High inflation Low inflation A 2. . . . but unemployment remains at its natural rate in the long run. 1. When the Fed increases the growth rate of the money supply, the rate of inflation increases . . . Copyright 169。 2022 SouthWestern AD、 AS與菲利普斯曲線 ? A點(diǎn):高失業(yè)低通脹,低產(chǎn)量 ? B點(diǎn):低失業(yè)高通脹,高產(chǎn)量 ?當(dāng)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)更多物品與勞務(wù)時(shí),需要雇傭更多的工人,失業(yè)更少: A點(diǎn)產(chǎn)量比 B點(diǎn)低,因此 A點(diǎn)失業(yè)率更高 ?通貨膨脹率反映與前一年物價(jià)水平變動(dòng)的百分比: A點(diǎn)物價(jià)水平比 B點(diǎn)低,因此 A點(diǎn)通貨膨脹率更低。 2022 SouthWestern AD、 AS與菲利普斯曲線
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