【正文】 Through the related architectural forms shaped by their purpose， governed by the materials， proportioned and given scale and character by the designer， buildings bee expressions of the ideals and aspirations of the generations that built them． The successive styles of historic architecture are incarnations of the spirit of their times． 經(jīng)由建筑目的所成形，受材料、比例和設(shè)計(jì)者給出的尺寸及特征所支配的相關(guān)建筑形式，建筑物成了建造它們的那代人的理想和抱負(fù)的展示。 Although all decoration is rejected in some modern architecture， it was employed in the past either for its inherent beauty or to emphasize some point of importance in the building. Decoration or ornament may be used to contribute the character， the visible expression of the purpose of the building. Thus a bank should look like a bank， and a church should be immediately identifiable as such． Ideally， too， any building should seem to belong on its site， with some relationship to its architectural neighbors and the local geography． 裝飾雖然在某些現(xiàn)代建筑中被拒絕采納，但在過去由于其內(nèi)在美或是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)建筑物的某一重點(diǎn)而常被使用。樓梯和欄桿提示著門道的大小；依次是門道對(duì)柱廊的高度的提示；最后是柱廊大小對(duì)整個(gè)建筑物的提示。 A building also should have what architects call scale； that is， it should visually convey its true size． Such elements as benches， steps， or balustrades， though slightly variable in size， are， by their very purpose， related to the normal dimensions of human beings． They therefore bee，almost imperceptibly， units of measurement for gauging the size of the whole edifice． Because these units are so small in parison to the whole building， other elements of intermediate size are needed． Stairs and a balustrade may give a clue to the size of a doorway； that， in turn， to the height of a colonnade； and finally， the colonnade to the whole structure． The Petit Trianon at Versailles is perfect in scale． The absence of small elements in St． Peter’ s in Rome makes it difficult to perceive its vastness． 建筑物還須具有建筑師們所說的“尺度”，也就是說它必須在視覺上傳達(dá)其正確的尺寸。 Architecture calls for good proportions— a pleasing relationship of voids to solids， of height to width， of length to breadth． Many attempts have been made to explain good proportions by mathematical formulas， such as the golden section． These efforts have not found general acceptance， however， although good results have been achieved through the repetition of some dimension (for example， a module that is half the diameter of a column) throughout the design． Such repetitions help to produce the visible order that the human mind seems to crave． 建筑要求有恰當(dāng)?shù)谋壤?，即令人愉快的虛與實(shí)、高與寬、長與寬的關(guān)系。建筑物的幾個(gè)構(gòu)成部分應(yīng)當(dāng)形成美的統(tǒng)一體。任何觀察過正在施工中的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑物的人，必定注意到由細(xì)長梁組成的橫向長方形網(wǎng)格結(jié)構(gòu)，每個(gè)樓層中間隔很寬的柱子和長梁。 Wood， a fibrous material， withstands tension as readily as it does pression. Wooden beams may be relatively longer than stone beams， and wooden posts slender and widely spaced． A horizontal rectangle， wider than it is high， results from the natural properties of wood， as may be seen in Japanese architecture． Steel also has tensile strength that is equal to or greater than its pressive strength． Anyone who has observed a steel building under construction must have noticed the gridiron of horizontal rectangles produced by the slender， widely spaced columns and the long beams of each floor． The nature of wood and of steel suggests frame construction— a skeleton to support floors and roof— with whatever surfacing material may be necessary． Wood and steel also permit cantilever construction in which beams project beyond the last point of support． 木材是一種纖維性材料，既可承受壓應(yīng)力，又可承受拉應(yīng)力。還有，石柱必須堅(jiān)固，其高度很少超過寬度的 10 倍。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中能把石頭壓碎，但在實(shí)際使用中它的耐壓程度幾乎是無限的。相反，壞的設(shè)計(jì)方案所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果是不方便、浪費(fèi)和視覺上的混亂。這些空間的排列還應(yīng)有合理的關(guān)系。 In all these examples， buildings with similar functions take on different forms． 在所有的這些例子 中，有著相似功能的建筑物往往采用的不同的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。城市的高地價(jià)導(dǎo)致建筑昂貴（或高層建筑），而鄉(xiāng)村的低地價(jià)使得建筑相對(duì)便宜（或多層建筑）。另一方面，在辦公樓里，采用人工光源能夠獲得更加均勻的照明，因此這類建筑的進(jìn)深就不會(huì)受到自然光要求的約束。 The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function， its environment， and various socioeconomic factors． 建筑物的結(jié)構(gòu)形式是它的功能、環(huán)境和各種社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)因素共同作用的產(chǎn)物。對(duì)于作為庇護(hù)所的建筑物和作其他用途的土木工程構(gòu)筑物，它們的設(shè)計(jì)科學(xué)依據(jù)是相同的。 Usually choose the teaching civil engineer of the business teaches graduate student and undergraduate course to living a technique up of specialized civil engineers participation that are engaged in teaching will cause to construct foundations research that the material and construction method technique also serve as the adviser of engineering item or technique realm, with the agency of key item. 通常選擇教學(xué)事業(yè)的土木工程師教授研究生和本科生技術(shù)上的專門項(xiàng)目。其他則能讓他們的事業(yè)從管理位置開始。The management engineer who is troops or civilian in American army39。來自人造衛(wèi)星的無線電信號(hào)，通過激光和音波柱掃描被轉(zhuǎn)換為地圖，為隧道鉆孔，建造高速公路和大壩，繪制洪水控制和灌溉方案，定位可能影響建筑項(xiàng)目的地下巖石構(gòu)成，以及許多其他建筑用途提供更精準(zhǔn)的測(cè)量。這些土木工程師對(duì)公共建設(shè)工程的規(guī)劃和私人建筑的發(fā)展進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào)。事實(shí)上，他們協(xié)調(diào)工程中每個(gè)人的活動(dòng)：勘測(cè)員、為臨時(shí)道路和斜坡定線和施工、挖 基礎(chǔ)、建模和澆注混凝土的工人、以及綁扎鋼筋的工人。 In this branch of civil engineering, pipeline engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries (mixed coal and wat