【正文】 d) none of the above. Anders Ericsson, a 58yearold psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in ―none of the above.‖ Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. ―With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,‖ Ericsson recalls. ―He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.‖ ④ This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not geically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person ―encodes‖ the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on oute. Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. ⑤ Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we monly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or puter programming–are nearly always made, not born. 21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to [A] stress the importance of professional training. [B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup. [C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance. [D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others. 22. The word ―mania‖ (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means [A] fun. [B] craze. [C] hysteria. [D] excitement. 23. According to Ericsson, good memory [A] depends on meaningful processing of information. [B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises. [C] is determined by geic rather than psychological factors. [D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration. 24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that [A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success. [B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance. [C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked. [D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture. 25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey? [A] ―Faith will move mountains.‖ [B] ―One reaps what one sows.‖ [C] ―Practice makes perfect.‖ [D] ―Like father, like son.‖ 考研英語(yǔ) fuck my life 6 6 2022 Text 2 For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called ―Ask Marilyn.‖ People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old。 three main ones were identified by the report‘s authors. There is the socalled big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through sitelicensing agreements. There is openaccess publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are openaccess archives, where anizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. ② Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed openaccess, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peerreview process, at least for the publication of papers. 26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses [A] the background information of journal editing. [B] the publication routine of laboratory reports. [C] the relations of authors with journal publishers. [D] the traditional process of journal publication. 27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report? [A] It criticizes governmentfunded research. [B] It introduces an effective means of publication. [C] It upsets profitmaking journal publishers. [D] It benefits scientific research considerably. 28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that [A] it provides an easier access to scientific results. [B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers. [C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge. [D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research. 29. With the openaccess publishing model, the author of a paper is required to [A] cover the cost of its publication. [B] subscribe to the journal publishing it. [C] allow other online journals to use it freely. [D] plete the peerreview before submission. 30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text? [A] The Inter is posing a threat to publishers. [B] A new mode of publication is emerging. [C] Authors wele the new channel for publication. [D] Publication is rendered easier by online service. 考研英語(yǔ) fuck my life 3 2022 Text 3 In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. ① If he had p