【正文】 在此基礎(chǔ)上也產(chǎn)生了羅馬人的軍事組織和政府管理的才能。希臘人是天生的水手，羅馬人則是陸上強兵 。當(dāng)然，他們的對比也不是那么的絕對：在亞歷山大大帝時期，希臘找到了他們整個歷史中最大的領(lǐng)地征服者；羅馬人雖曾一度遷 9 移到意大利之外，但他們卻沒有荒廢海洋的力量。 the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart。精神上的控制則建立在恐懼和懲罰上 ——毫無疑問的是任何人，或任何事，只要威脅到羅馬的權(quán)威，都終將被摧毀。 beliefs that the Mediterranean had evaporated and bee a desert, before it refilled with water. 6. Mediterranean salt domes formed after crustal movements opened the straits between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean refilled with water. Ancient Rome and Greece There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, anizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the work of military ?garrisons 要塞 , which were stationed in every province, and the work of stonebuilt roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The anizational bonds were based on the mon principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced mon standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed. 古代羅馬和希臘 羅馬具有一種希臘和其他任何不論是古代還是現(xiàn)在文明都不具備的凝聚力。 隨著盆地的填充，普通的海洋生物又回來了。然而在這之前，地中海是一個 3000 米深的大沙漠。只有一些能抵抗高鹽度條件的物種保留下來。t?:bjul?nt]騷亂的，狂亂的 waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine anisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer. 時間明確地闡明了一個假設(shè)。sipiteitid] 沉淀的 In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, [d?i39。在石膏層上下的沉積物中包含了微小的海洋生物化石，這說明了是開放性的海洋環(huán)境。這個樣本由石膏鵝卵石和火山巖碎塊組成。這些結(jié)構(gòu)在早些年被回聲探測器探測過，但是它們在探測過程中從未被穿透。大部分古老的生物都幾乎滅絕了，盡管一 些頑強的種類得以生存。綜上所述，生理上的成熟、聽故事和講故事以及改進對事件關(guān)鍵信息的編碼都有助于克服嬰幼兒遺忘癥。 These three explanations of infantile amnesia are not mutually exclusive： indeed, they support each other. Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers 蹣跚學(xué)步 do not form extremely enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers. Hearing the stories may lead preschoolers to encode aspects of events that allow them to form memories they can access as adults． Conversely， improved encoding of what they hear may help them better understand and remember stories and thus make the stories more useful for remembering future events. Thus, all three explanations physiological maturation hearing and producing stories about past events， and improved encoding of key aspects of eventsseem likely to be involved in overing Infantile amnesia． 以上三種關(guān)于幼兒期遺忘的解釋實際上并非互斥，他們是相互支持的。s office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures． 事實上，很多因素會導(dǎo)致嬰幼兒儲存信息的方式和成年人進行回憶的方式不匹配。 This view is supported by a variety of factors that can create mismatches between very young children39。給兩歲的孩子講故事，并不能使他們形成語言化的記憶。聽故事和講故事將有助于儲存信息，直到他們的童年和成年。孩子們早期的童年時代中，腦前葉不斷地成熟，它對記憶發(fā)生的特殊事件以及之后對這些事情的回想起著至關(guān)重要的作用。這種壓制發(fā)生的時候，人們連孩提時代最普通的事情都是無法回憶起來的。 adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended high school with them 35 years earlier. Another seemingly plausible explanationthat infants do not form enduring memories at this point in developmentalso is incorrect. Children two and a half to three years old remember experiences that occurred in their first year, and eleven month olds 5 remember some events a year later. Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression or holding back of sexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon． While such repression may occur， people cannot remember ordinary events from the infant and toddler periods either． 人們無法回憶起幼年事情的現(xiàn)象該如何解釋呢？恐怕時間的流逝無法闡述清楚，成年人對 35 年前的高中同學(xué)照片仍可進行清楚地辨認(rèn)。 memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty. Most people remember only a few eventsusually ones that were meaningful and distinctive， such as being hospitalized or a sibling‘s birth. 嬰幼兒健忘癥 三歲前生活中發(fā)生事情你還記得多少？很少有人能記得嬰幼兒時期曾經(jīng)發(fā)生在他們身上的事情。很快人們就開始認(rèn)識到，這種動物 物種的延續(xù)性是符合邏輯的，不僅僅是在英國、法國，而實際上在全世界范圍都是適用的。trail?ubait] the ubiquitous marine arthropod[39。有的化石經(jīng)歷了數(shù)百年萬之久，它們存在于很多地層中間，但有的化石只存在于部分地層，還有一部分化石從出現(xiàn)至滅絕都只出現(xiàn)在一個特定的巖層中。 As he collected fossils from strata throughout England, Smith began to see that the fossils told a different story from the rocks particularly in the younger strata the rocks were often so similar that he had trouble distinguishing the strata, but he never had trouble telling the fossils apart. While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shale 頁巖 and in another sandstone, the fossils in that shale or sandstone were always the same. Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear in many strata, but others occur only in a few strata, and a few species had their births and extinctions within one particular stratum. Fossils are thus identifying markers for particular periods in Earth39。plaist?usi:n]更新巖 quartz and Cambrian 寒武紀(jì) quartz created over 500 million years ago． 到了 1831 年，史密斯最終被倫敦地質(zhì)學(xué)會認(rèn)可，并賦予他 ―英國地質(zhì)學(xué)之父 ‖的稱號，這不僅僅 是因為那張地圖，而且是為了其他更重要的原因。后來他仍從事類似的工作，行便全國，不斷地研究那些新出現(xiàn)的地層， 同時收集