【正文】 the whole regime of detention centers is one of toughening delinquents, and if you want to train someone to be antiestablishment, ―I can’t think of a better way to do it,‖ says the writer of this report. The Cambridge Institute of Criminology es up with five key factors that are likely to make for delinquency: a low ine family a large family, parents deemed by social workers to be bad at raising children, parents who themselves have a criminal record, and low intelligence in the child. Not surprisingly, the factors tend to overlap. Of the 63 boys in the sample who had at least three of them when they were ten, half became juvenile delinquents—pared with only a fifth of the sample as a whole. Three more factors make the prediction more accurate: being judged troublesome by teachers at the age of ten, having a father with at least two criminal convictions and having another member of the family with a criminal record. Of the 35 men who had at least two of these factors in their background 18 became persistent delinquents and 8 more were in trouble with the law. Among those key factors, far and away the most important was having a parent with a criminal record, even if that had been acquired in the distant past, even though very few parents did other than condemn delinquent behavior in their children. The role of the schools emerges as extremely important. The most reliable prediction of all on the futures of boys came from teachers’ ratings of how troublesome they were at the age of ten. If the information is there in the classroom there must be a response that brings more attention to those troublesome children: a search for things to give them credit for other than academic achievement, a refusal to allow them to go on playing truant, and a fostering of ambition and opportunity which should start early in their school careers. to the author, delinquency should be tackled ___. adolescence institutional treatment adolescence the problem bees acute number of young offenders could be reduced by the way of ___. legal measures residential care periods of harsh punishment of their backgrounds is the oute result of putting young offenders into detention centers? bee more violent receive useful training bee used to institutions turn against society children likely to bee offenders are usually___. children from small families. children in a poor family. children with many brothers and sisters. whose parents have acquired wealth dishonestly. writer concludes that potential offenders could be helped by ___. more time at school encouragement at school activities outside school treatment from teachers 第 46篇答案： ADDCB 第 47篇： (Unit 12,Passage 3) Personality is to large extent inherent. Atype parents usually bring Atype offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if petition is important to the parents, it is likely to bee a major factor in the lives of their children. One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly petitive institution. Too many schools adopt the ―win at all costs‖ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children pete against their classmates or against the clock produces a twolayer system, in which petitive A types seem in some way better than their type B fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: ―Rejoice, we conquer!‖ By far the worst form of petition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but petition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful. Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to hide possible future employment. It is top management. If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged. Paragraph 2, Line 2, the word ―institution‖ refers to ___. custom to the passage, Atype individuals are in most cases ___. author strongly objects to the practice of examination at schools because ___. pressure is too great on the students. students are bound to fail. rates are too high. results of examinations are doubtful. selection of medical professionals is currently based on ___. ’ sensitivity achievements spirit values the passage we can draw the conclusion that ___. personality of a child is well established at birth. influence dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics. development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors, characteristics can find no place in a petitive society. 第 47篇答案： DCBBC 第 48篇： (Unit 12,Passage 4) The word religion is derived from the Latin noun religio, which denotes both earnest observance of ritual obligations and an inward spirit of reverence. In modern usage, religion covers a wide spectrum of meaning that reflects the enormous variety of ways the term can be interpreted. At one extreme, many mitted believers recognize only their own tradition as a religion, understanding expressions such as worship and prayer to refer exclusively to the practices of their tradit