土木工程外文翻譯--土木工程簡介-建筑結(jié)構(gòu)-wenkub.com
2025-05-07 14:06 本頁面
【正文】 在土木工程的長期實踐中，人們不僅對房屋建筑藝術(shù)給予很大注意，取得了卓越的成就；而且對其他工程設(shè)施，也通過選用不同的建筑材料，例如采用石料、鋼材和鋼筋混凝土，配合自然環(huán)境建造了許多在藝術(shù)上十分優(yōu)美、功能上又十分良好的工程。 土木工程技術(shù)的發(fā)展之所以主要憑借工程實踐而不是憑借科學(xué)試驗和理論研究，有兩個原因：一是有些客觀情況過于復(fù)雜，難以如實地進行室內(nèi)實驗或現(xiàn)場測試和理論分析。從 17 世紀(jì)開始，以伽利略和牛頓為先導(dǎo)的近代力學(xué)同土木工程實踐結(jié)合起來，逐漸形成材料力學(xué)、結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)、流體力學(xué)、巖體力學(xué)，作為土木工程的基礎(chǔ)理論的學(xué)科。在世界各地出現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代化規(guī)模宏大的工業(yè)廠房、摩天大廈，核電站、高速公路和鐵路、大跨橋梁 、大直徑運輸管道長隧道、大運河、大堤壩、大飛機場、大海港以及海洋工程等等。 許多著名的工程設(shè)施顯示出人類在這個歷史時期的創(chuàng)造力。 土木工程是伴隨著人類社會的發(fā)展而發(fā)展起來的。這是土木工程的又一次飛躍發(fā)展。 從三十年代開始，出現(xiàn)了預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土。 十九世紀(jì) 20 年代，波特蘭水泥制成后，混凝土問世了。 建筑物跨徑從磚結(jié)構(gòu)、石結(jié)構(gòu)、木結(jié)構(gòu)的幾米、幾十米發(fā)展到鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的百米、幾百米，直到現(xiàn)代的千米以上。 十七世紀(jì) 70 年代開始使用生鐵、十九世紀(jì)初開始使用熟鐵建造橋梁和房屋，這是鋼結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)的前奏。 磚和瓦的出現(xiàn)使人們開始廣泛地、大 量地修建房屋和城防工程等。 人們在早期只能依靠泥土、木料及其它天然材料從事營造活動，后來出現(xiàn)了磚和瓦這種人工建筑材料，使人類第一次沖破了天然建筑材料的束縛。s water supply project, colosseum amphitheater (Rome large animal fighting Field), as well as many other wellknown churches, palaces and so on. After the industrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, civil society to put forward a new demand。 I Introduction to Civil Engineering Papers Civil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials, civil engineering will be a leapstyle development. People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile better than the mechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to manufacture. The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present. The application of a large n
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