【正文】 it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell.‖ Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from selfevident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a selfevident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that‘s where they belong, and smoke goes up because that‘s where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation. 21. The aim of controlled scientific experiments is ________. [A] to explain why things happen [B] to explain how things happen [C] to describe selfevident principles [D] to support Aristotelian science 22. What principles most influenced scientific thought for two thousand years? [A] the speculations of Thales [B] the forces of electricity, magism, and gravity [C] Aristotle‘s natural science [D] Galileo‘s discoveries 23. Bertrand Russell‘s notion about electricity is ________. [A] disapproved of by most modern scientists [B] in agreement with Aristotle‘s theory of selfevident principles [C] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward ―how‖ things happen [D] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward ―why‖ things happen 24. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea ________. [A] that there are mysterious forces in the universe [B] that man cannot discover what forces ―really‖ are [C] that there are selfevident principles [D] that we can discover why things behave as they do 25. Modern science came into being ________. [A] when the method of controlled experiment was first introduced [B] when Galileo succeeded in explaining how things happen [C] when Aristotelian scientist tried to explain why things happen [D] when scientists were able to acquire an understanding of reality of reasoning EXAMPLE: For instance, the automobile tunnel might ________ huge ventilation problems. [A] make [B] bring [C] raise [D] create ANSWER: [D] Cheques have __36__ replaced money as a means of exchange for they are widely accepted everywhere. Though this is very convenient for both buyer and seller, it should not be fotten that cheques are not real money: they are quite valueless in themselves. A shopkeeper always runs a certain __37__ when he accepts a cheques and he is quite __38__ his rights if on occasion, he refuses to do so. People do not always know this and are shocked if their good faith is called __39__. An old and very wealthy friend of mine told me he had an extremely unpleasant experience. He went to a famous jewelry shop which keeps a large __40__ of precious stones and asked to be shown some pearl necklaces. After examining several trays, he decided to buy a particularly fine string of pearls and asked if he could pay by Cheques. The assistant said that this was quite __41__ but the moment my friend signed his name, he was invited into the manager‘s office. The manager was very polite, but he explained that someone with exactly the same name had presented them with a worthless Cheque not long ago. My friend got very angry when he heard this and said he would buy a necklace somewhere else. When he got up to go, the manager told him that the police would arrive at any moment and he had better stay __42__ the wanted to get into serious trouble. __43__, the police arrived soon afterwards. They apologized to my friend for the __44__, but explained that a person who had used the same name as his was responsible for a number of recent robberies. Then the police asked my friend to copy out a note which had been used by the thief in a number of shops. The note __45__: ―I have a gun in my pocket. Ask no questions and give me all the money in the safe.‖ Fortunately, my friend‘s handwriting was quite unlike the thief‘s. He was not only allowed to go without further delay, but to take the string of pearls with him. 36. [A] exactly[B] really[C] largely[D] thoroughly 37. [A] danger[B] chance[C] risk[D] opportunity 38. [A] within[B] beyond[C] without[D] out of 39. [A] in difficulty[B] in doubt[C] in earnest[D] in question 40. [A] amount[B] stock[C] numberD] store 41. [A] in order[B] in need[C] in use[D] in mon 42. [A] whether[B] if[C] otherwise[D] unless 43. [A] Really[B] Sure enough[C] Certainly[D] However 44. [A] treatment[B] manner[C] inconvenience[D] behaviour 45. [A] read[B] toldC] wrote[D] informed Have there always been cities? (71) Life without large urban areas may seem inconceivable to us, but actually cities are relatively recent development. Groups with primitive economics still manage without them. The trend, however, is for such groups to disappear, while cities are increasingly being the dominant mode of man‘s social existence. (72) Historically, city life has always been among the elements which form a civilization. Any high degree of human endeavor and achievement has been closely linked to life in an urban environment. (73) It is virtually impossible to imagine that universities, hospitals, large businesses or even science and technology could have e into being without cities to support them. To most people, cities have traditionally been the areas where there was a concentration of culture as well as of opportunity. (74) In recent years, however, people have begun to bee awa