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但是 , 多數(shù)時候 , 公司并不能自由地確定它們所希望的價格 。 這種方法近來在汽車制造行業(yè)十分受歡迎 。 制造商有時對消費者采用現(xiàn)金回扣策略 , 因為他們在特殊時節(jié)購買商品 。 四 、 促銷定價 使用促銷定價方法 (Promotional Pricing), 公司可以暫時制定低于標準價格 , 有時甚至可以低于成本 。 —— 時間定價 : 產(chǎn)品的價格根據(jù)季節(jié) 、 月份 、 日子甚至小時來改變 。 Decker )最貴的電熨斗是 54. 98 美元 , 比下邊一檔熨斗貴 12 美元 。 細分定價策略有幾種形式 : —— 消費者子市場定價 : 對于相同的產(chǎn)品 , 不同的消費者付不同的價錢 。 以舊換新折讓在汽車銷售中最流行 , 其他耐用消費品銷售中也使用 。 旅館 、 客棧和航空公司在淡季實施季節(jié)折扣 。 制造商可能對不同的分銷渠道提供不同的功能折扣 , 因為各種渠道的工作不同 。典型的例子是買 100 件以下 , 單價為 10 美元 , 買 100 件或 100 件以上 , 每件為 9 美元 。 13 一 、 折扣和折讓定價 許多公司通過調(diào)整基礎價格 , 來吸引消費這些價格調(diào)整被稱作折扣和折讓 , 它有多種形式 。 成組產(chǎn)品定價能促使消費者買一些原來可能不會買的產(chǎn)品 。 這種做法能夠使銷售者降低主體產(chǎn)品的定價 , 使主體產(chǎn)品更具有競爭力 。 不生產(chǎn)膠卷的照相機制造商要想盈利 , 必須將主體產(chǎn)品價格定得高一些 。 舉例來說 , 剃須刀的刀片 、 照相機的膠卷和計算機的軟件等都是附屬產(chǎn)品 。 顧客通常不會購買不太舒適和方便的經(jīng)濟型車 。 二 、 備選產(chǎn)品的定價 許多公司銷售與主體產(chǎn)品配套的備選產(chǎn)品或附加產(chǎn)品時 , 使用備選產(chǎn)品的 定價方法 (OptionalProduct Pricing)。 價格差別要考慮系列產(chǎn)品中的成本差別 、 消費者對不同產(chǎn)品特色的看法以及競爭者的價格 。 系列中每個成功的割草機都有特點 。 在這種情況下 , 企業(yè)尋求一組價格 , 能夠使整個產(chǎn)品組合的利潤最大 。 第二 , 生產(chǎn)和分銷成本必須隨銷售量的增加而下降 。 荷姆公司 (Home Depot)、 沃爾瑪公司 (WarMart)和其他折扣零售商店也使用滲透式定價法 , 定低價 , 以便增 加銷售量 。 不像撇脂式定價法那樣制定高價格 , 瞄準能產(chǎn)生高額利潤的小型 子市場 , 使用滲透式定價法 , 人們制定很低的價格 , 迅速滲透進入市場 , 迅速吸引消費者 , 快速占有很大的市場份額 。 首先 , 產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和形象必須與產(chǎn)品價格一致 ,有相當多的顧客接受這種價格下的產(chǎn)品 。 當英特爾公司推出一種新的計算機芯片時 , 它使用最高的價格 , 幫助新的芯片壓倒市場上原有的芯片 。 勞力士公司 (Rolex)生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量非常高的手表 , 價格也非常高 , 泰麥克斯公司 (Timex)生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量低一些的產(chǎn)品 , 價格也比較容易被接受 。 公司如果模仿市場上已經(jīng)有的產(chǎn)品 , 就面臨產(chǎn)品定位問題 , 它必須決定如何給產(chǎn)品定位 , 以便在價格和質(zhì)量上與對手競爭 。s price39。soldout39。K10 per unit for less than 100 units, $9 per unit for 100or more units39。 club to reach these lucrative byproduct markets. (5) ProductBundle Pricing Using, productbundle pricing, sellers often bine several of their products and offer the bundle at a reduced price. Thus theatres and sports teams sell seas on tickets at less than the cost of single tickets; hotels sell specially priced packages that include room, meals and entertainment; puter makers in elude attractives of ware packages with their personal puters. Price bundling can promote the sales of products that consumers might not otherwise buy, but the bined price must be low enough to get them to buy the bundle. In other cases, productbundle pricing is used to sell more than the customer really wants. Obtaining a ticket to an exclusive sports event is difficult, but World Cup football finals tickets are available to people willing to buy them bundled with a supersonic Concorde flight. 3. PriceAdjustment Strategies 6 Companies usually adjust their basic prices to account for various customer differences and changing situations. Seven priceadjustment strategics: discount and allowance pricing, segmented pricing , psychological pricing , promotional pricing , value pricing, geographical pricing and international pricing. (1) Discount and Allowance Pricing Most panies adjust their basic price to reward customers for certain responses, such as early payment of bills, volume purchases and offseason buying. These price adjustments called discounts and allowances can take many forms. A cash discount is a price reduction to buyers who pay their bills promptly, Atypical example is 39。t think to move into active byproduct sales. However, sales of the fragrant byproduct can be substantial. So far novelty sales have been the largest, with tiny containers of Zoo Doo (and even 39。 manure can be an excellent source of additional revenue. But the ZooDoo Compost Company has helped many zoos understand the costs and opportunities involved with these byproducts. ZooDolicenses its name to zoos and receives royalties on manure sales. 39。 prices. If the price difference between two successive products is small, buyers will usually buy the more advanced product. This will increase pany profits if the cost difference is smaller than the price difference. If the price difference is large, however, customers will generally buy the less advanced products. (2) OptionalProduct Pricing Many panies use optionalpro duet pricing offering to sell optional or accessory products along with their main product. For example, a ear buyer may choose to order power windows, cruise control and a radio with a CD player. Pricing these options is a sticky problem. Car panies have to decide which items to include in the base price and which to offer as options. BMWs basic cars e famously under equipped. Typically the 318i is about DM40, 000, but the customer then has to pay extra for a radio (prices vary), electric windows (DM700), sun roof (DM! , 800) and security system (DM1, 100). The basic model is stripped of so many forts and conveniences that most buyers reject it. The pay for extras or buy a betterequipped version. More recently, however, American and European car makers have been forced to follow the example of the Japanese car makers and include in the basic price m