【正文】 火山巖 。 此外，至少有兩個(gè)有潛力的泥炭堆積的場(chǎng)所由消融板塊促成， 1（通常被隨后造山作用和變質(zhì)作用所破壞）在 形式大陸架邊緣，這是板塊碰撞之前形成，另外在以一個(gè)邊緣盆地形式(Dickinson 1974)形成于碰撞帶的底部。 3. 部分俯沖的 大陸地殼下方的大陸地殼（ 圖 ）。與此相關(guān)類(lèi)型的板塊銜接 的有幾個(gè)過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的例子是 有關(guān) 大規(guī)模成煤的。 日本列島 的一個(gè)例子 ，其中包含的煤田第三系年齡均在前島弧和后島弧的位置 (Aihara 1986) 。 這種情況將導(dǎo)致重大的煤田的形成 是不可能的 ,因?yàn)橄喈?dāng)多的水覆蓋了海底 。如上所述，這是一個(gè)前淵盆地，它是多產(chǎn)煤的小塊。 . The geotectonic setting of coalfields in reference to Curray’s (1975) platetectonic subdivisions of the earth. The identification of countries is by international country code. 在表 von Bubnoff (1937) 所用的構(gòu)造區(qū)分煤田，大致可容納 在圖 所表示的板塊構(gòu)造的框架內(nèi) 。 這種解釋是基于概念，即創(chuàng)造新的巖石圈地殼 ,沿中海洋的裂痕和橫向運(yùn)動(dòng)的巖石圈面向俯沖地區(qū)，其中大洋地殼的消滅，生產(chǎn)三種類(lèi)型的板塊結(jié)合點(diǎn)。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，裂谷海洋地殼 與 從分離的大陸地殼 沉積的后果相當(dāng)不同 。 Beaumont 1981。 這意味著， 無(wú)論最初的出現(xiàn)一個(gè)沉積地點(diǎn)的原因是什么，一旦沉積物開(kāi)始積累， 額外的沉積物 的重量和壓實(shí)在一定程度上造成沉積 。 上涌的巖漿從地幔隆起在覆地殼可能會(huì)導(dǎo) 致形成熱膨脹，而新的大洋地殼形成 是地幔物質(zhì) 沿中旬大洋裂谷區(qū)擠壓。 由于地殼增厚的隆起是有一些這方面的原因，因?yàn)樗斐傻臐撛趤?lái)源地區(qū)煤系沉積物。 舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)海平面之上均衡的大陸地殼 50 公里的厚度延伸 4 公里，而 6 公里的薄大洋地殼涵蓋的約 5公里的水 (Holmes, 1965) 。此外，煤的形成在迅速下沉前陸盆地更可能有高含量的微鏡煤，微亮煤和灰分比煤形成的穩(wěn)定的邊緣上，或在慢慢下沉克拉通盆地。 這些例子是由于沉積物在地下遷移和過(guò)濾后沉淀，或下沉的孤立煤田的形成是由于該陸表的湖泊。 然而，如上文所示，術(shù)語(yǔ)內(nèi)淵可能包括一個(gè)復(fù)雜系列的沉積環(huán)境，其中一些可能會(huì) 與造山帶現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的完全無(wú)關(guān) 。 不過(guò)，因?yàn)槿鄙倩?,海相地層不一定一直得 到承認(rèn)，這是與過(guò)量的新鮮水從沿海沼澤大量涌入有關(guān)的 (Duff and Walton 1962)。典型的地區(qū)是在大陸邊緣的尾端，大陸板塊和克拉通邊緣的前淵。在這方面是定義大陸架這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)是很重要的。 當(dāng)然，那 兒已知的山脈與煤的沉積是沒(méi)有關(guān)系的 。 （ von Bubnoff 1937 之后 ） 前淵邊際到造山帶 70% 內(nèi)淵造山帶內(nèi) 1% 在 克拉通 盆地 邊緣 的陸架盆地 21% 克拉通 盆地 內(nèi)部 8% 側(cè)向范圍的沉積被認(rèn)為在與造山帶相關(guān)的地區(qū) 的 煤的聚集 中 更是突出的 。即使在第三 系褐色和石炭系瀝青煤壓實(shí)比率之間的不同的計(jì)算（在較小程度壓實(shí)適用于跨煤層沉積物）的對(duì)比是相當(dāng)顯著 的 。 Stutzer (1920) 和 Stille (1926)第一次確認(rèn)構(gòu)造與成煤之間的成因關(guān)系。 尤其是在討論煤田位于聚合的板塊邊緣， 穩(wěn)定地塊 的概念 用在造成破壞該隆起造山帶是十分有益的。 他們對(duì)輔助術(shù)語(yǔ)有的只是描述性的，因此獨(dú)立的大地構(gòu)造理論中，有的經(jīng)受了時(shí)間的 考驗(yàn)，因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谕ㄓ玫亩?現(xiàn)在 已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)的概念中是有用的。 它如下一個(gè)多 造山帶的巖層可能含有各種煤形成于不同時(shí)期之前和之后的巖層的堆積。當(dāng)許多煤田的構(gòu)造情況，例如那些前淵或陸前盆地已經(jīng)相對(duì)改變一點(diǎn)，建立在內(nèi)部或山間的槽即造山的山脈上的煤田裝置，如果沒(méi)有仔細(xì)的學(xué)習(xí)是不能被適當(dāng)?shù)姆峙上氯?。?20 世紀(jì) 70 年代早期的地槽假說(shuō)被板塊構(gòu)造理論所替代就是后者中的一個(gè)例子。 ??? molasses sediments。 Beaumont 1981。CoalProducing Tectonic Environments This final chapter in the investigation of coal sedimentation is concerned with depositional aspects of the highest order of magnitude, namely, the influence of the crustal setting on peat accumulation. This is a broad and plex field which draws on information, gathered from many different disciplines of the earth sciences. Some of these are currently evolving quite rapidly, while others re in a “mopping up” stage, insensu Kuhn (1970) and Walker (1973), following recent scientific revolutions. An example of the latter is the replacement of the geosynclinal hypothesis in the early 1970s by the concept of plate tectonics. Even after a life span of 20 years, this new paradigm is still in the process of being refined and fitted out with conceptual subsets, as shown by the current emphasis on terrane analysis. It is therefore not possible at this stage to make a definitive statement on the chosen subject, but merely to outline the principle on which a modern geotectonic classification of coalfields can be established. Even this modest goal is fraught with difficulty, because the change from the predominantly static geosynclinal view of global tectonics to its modern, largely mobilistic interpretation has plicated the tectonic classification of some coalfields. While the tectonic status of many coalfields, . those in foredeeps or foreland basins has changed relatively little, the setting of coals found in inter and intramontane troughs, . within orogenic cordilleras, cannot be properly assessed without very careful study. According to the geosynclinal concept, practically all of these intradeeps, together with fore and backdeeps, their extraorogenic counterparts, were regarded as part of a group of molasses basins, the development of which acpanies or follows “terminal geosynclinal tectoorrgenic” (Aubouin 1965). This fixist and strictly sequential interpretation (highlighted by the term “epieugeosyncline” of Kay 1951) has no place in modern geotectonic analysis, which views most orogenic belts as collages of autochthonous and allochthonous terranes, . as tectonostratigraphic assemblages with possibly coeval but heterogeneous stratigraphic records reflecting their origin in different geological and geographical domains (Monger and Price 1979, Monger et al. 1982). The tectonic setting, which influenced the formation of an allochthonous terrane assemblage before accretion, may have been very different in style and physically far removed from its resting place after docking. It follows that a multiterrane orogen may contain a variety of coals formed at different times before and after terrane accretion. Moreover, contemporaneous preaccretionary coal deposits formed in different terranes are likely to vary in coal types, coalification histories and tectonic styles, and all of these will in turn differ from the postaccretionary molasses coals, which alone reflect the conditiona prevailing in the orogen itself. Indeed, the situation may even be more plex, as will be discussed in . Plate tectonics has created its own nomenclature, of which only the essential terms will be used here. They will be supplemented by terms which are either descriptive, and therefore independent of geotectonic theory, or which have stood the test of time because they are useful in spite of their generic association with now obsolete concepts. For example, the expressions “mio” and “eugeosynclinal assemblage” have been kept here as reference term for shallow water marine (mainly shelf), and ocean floor pelagite, turbidite and ophiolite associationa, respectively. Moreover, reduced to a “miogeocline”, the miogeosyncline has in the NorthAmerican literature bee a standard term for autochthonous, sedimentary terrace wedges onl