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【正文】 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Summary (1/2) ? High performance puting ?. government ?Capitalintensive industries ?Many panies and research labs ? Parallel puters ?Commercial systems ?Commoditybased systems Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Add a Parallel Programming Layer ? Lower layer ? Core of putation ? Process manipulates its portion of data to produce its portion of result ? Upper layer ? Creation and synchronization of processes ? Partitioning of data among processes ? A few research prototypes have been built based on these principles Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Extend Compilers (cont.) ? Disadvantages ?Parallelism may be irretrivably lost when programs written in sequential languages ?Performance of parallelizing pilers on broad range of applications still up in air Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Data Dependence Diagram Build document vectors Compute function value Choose cluster centers Adjust cluster centers Output cluster centers Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Document Clustering Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Pipelining ? Divide a process into stages ? Produce several items simultaneously Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Seeking Concurrency ? Data dependence graphs ? Data parallelism ? Functional parallelism ? Pipelining Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Commercial Parallel Systems ? Relatively costly per processor ? Primitive programming environments ? Focus on mercial sales ? Scientists looked for alternative Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Modern Parallel Computers ? Caltech’s Cosmic Cube (Seitz and Fox) ? Commercial copycats ?nCUBE Corporation ?Intel’s Superputer Systems Division ?Lots more ? Thinking Machines Corporation Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 50 Years of Speed Increases ENIAC 350 flops Today 1 trillion flops Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Modern Scientific Method Nature Observation Theory Physical Experimentation Numerical Simulation Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies,
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