【正文】 炮采工藝在使用過程中，通過不斷改進(jìn)，逐步推廣，到 1952 年爆 破落煤的比重約達(dá)48％，到 1957 年達(dá)到了 92． 2％，手鎬落煤降到了 3． 7％，人工裝煤由 1952 年 92． 1％降到 87． 4％，采煤工作面各類輸送機(jī)和自溜運(yùn)煤的比重，由 1952 年的 69． 62％提高到1957 年的 92． 62％。若能處理好這些因素的關(guān)系，就能促進(jìn)采煤方法的發(fā)展，總結(jié)四十年來這方面工作的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，對(duì)今后采煤方法的發(fā)展有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。這些露天礦多數(shù)采用單斗鏟一鐵道運(yùn)輸開采工藝，少數(shù)采用卡車運(yùn)輸。我國(guó) 1990 年統(tǒng)配煤礦井工開采采煤方法構(gòu)成情況如表 12 所示。 ’ 我國(guó)的水體下采煤，在 50 年代成功開采含水 沖積層下厚煤層和煤層群的基礎(chǔ)上， 70年代又開采了淮河、資江等大河流漫灘、近河床以及大型水庫下的壓煤，同時(shí)在基巖含水層，包括石灰?guī)r巖溶水體下和無隔水層條件的河下壓煤試采獲得成功。 我國(guó)水力采煤開始于 50 年代， 60 年代實(shí)現(xiàn)了落煤水壓由初 期的 5～ 6MPa 提高到 12—14MPa，進(jìn)入 70 年代我國(guó)試驗(yàn)成功了 20MPa 高壓大射流水力落煤技術(shù)。目前采用這種采煤方法的產(chǎn)量約占統(tǒng)配煤礦產(chǎn)量的 12％左右，并有進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。與這些礦過去采用的舊采煤方法相比，技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)有了明顯的改善。另外，煤炭資源回采率也尚不穩(wěn)定。其后在窯街礦務(wù)局二礦急傾斜特厚煤層中，進(jìn)行了水平分段綜采放頂煤試驗(yàn)，取得了較好的效果。 1988 年后又用 MG150W，型無鏈牽引雙滾筒采煤機(jī)代替單滾筒采煤機(jī)，以 SGZCF630／ 220 型雙速側(cè)卸封底式刮板輸送機(jī)代替 SGB150C 型刮板輸送機(jī)，單體液壓支柱配合η型長(zhǎng)鋼梁及切項(xiàng)墩柱支護(hù)，完成了第三代普通機(jī)械化采煤的設(shè)備配套，應(yīng)用中取得了更加良好的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)效果。歷年來綜合機(jī)械化采煤發(fā)展情況如表 1— 1 所示。1979 年年初，原煤炭工業(yè)部召集了有關(guān)專家，系統(tǒng)研究和制訂了我國(guó)第一個(gè)較全面的《煤炭工業(yè)技術(shù) 政策》，并于同年 9 月頒發(fā)執(zhí)行，明確了綜合機(jī)械化采煤的方向。這種普通機(jī)械化采煤較快地得到了推廣，采煤機(jī)械化程度，由“一五” (1953— 1957 年 )期末的 ％提高到“三五” (1966— 1970 年 )期末的 15． 3％，使長(zhǎng)壁式采煤方法得到了鞏固和發(fā)展。 在推行長(zhǎng)壁式采煤方法的過程中，我國(guó)十分重視發(fā)展機(jī)械化采煤，以進(jìn)一步減輕工人的繁重體 力勞動(dòng)。 為在厚和特厚煤層中安全可靠地應(yīng)用傾斜分層走向長(zhǎng)壁下行垮落采煤方法，采用了黃泥灌漿，不僅起到了預(yù)防煤層自然發(fā)火的作用，而且有利于形成再生頂板，使頂板狀況得到改善，擴(kuò)大了下行垮落采煤方法的使用范圍。到 1957 年，國(guó)營(yíng)煤礦以長(zhǎng)壁式為主的新采煤方法的產(chǎn)量比重達(dá)到了 92． 6％，采區(qū)回采率提高到 70％左右，工人的勞動(dòng)環(huán)境和安全生產(chǎn)條件得到了明顯改善。 1950 年 5 月，燃料工業(yè)部在全國(guó)煤礦會(huì)議上作出了國(guó)營(yíng)煤礦 推行生產(chǎn)方法改革和安全生產(chǎn)的決議，提出要有計(jì)劃、有步驟地進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)改革。 1840 年鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之后，淪為半封建半殖民地的我國(guó)煤礦，采煤方法落后，采用原始的穿峒式、殘柱式、高落式等采煤方法，采掘等主要作業(yè)依靠工人繁重的體力勞動(dòng)。 我國(guó)是發(fā)展中國(guó)家，幅員遼闊，人口多，底子薄，各地區(qū)技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展不平衡，結(jié)合資源特點(diǎn)，應(yīng)用了多種采煤方法，據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國(guó)現(xiàn)采用的采煤方法達(dá) 50 余種，是世界 上采煤方法最多的國(guó)家之一。早古生代是石煤的主要形成時(shí)期，第四紀(jì)僅有泥炭堆積。s is the third period, a group of large and middlescale surface coal mines were constructed, such as Pingshuo, Huolinhe, Zhungeer, Yimin, Yuanbaoshan, Dofigsheng surface mine etc. The mining technology and equipment had great development in this period. The proportion of the production produced by surface coal mines are very low, it accounts only 3～ 5% .of the total coal production of the country now. Studying highefficiency technology and equipment is the bases of developing surface mining. Beside of improving the current mining technology (the shoveltruck and shoveltruck and shovelrailroad mining technology), new technologies suitable to the geologic and economic conditions of the surface coal mines in 遼寧工程技術(shù)大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 7 our country would be developed, such as the continuous surface miners, the belt with big inclination, the senicontinuous surface mining technology and bined mining technology etc. 中國(guó)采煤方法 我國(guó)煤炭資源豐富，已知含煤區(qū)域面積約 55 萬多 km2，絕大多數(shù)省、市、自治區(qū) (含臺(tái)灣省 )都賦存有不同數(shù)量的煤炭資源。s, the coal reserves under Huai River, Zi River, several large reservoirs, water bearing base rocks?！? 15。 pillar mining with continuous miners was tested in Jixi, Datong, Xishan CMA and some local government operated coal mines. This method has achieved certain results under suitable geologic conditions but it was strictly confined by geologic conditions. Hydromechanical mining began in 195039。drawing) has achieved certain results and can be applicated in suitable coal seam conditions, but some problems with it have not been resolved yet, and it needs to be futher improved. For the topcoal drawing mining in gently inclined thick coal seams, the fullyseam mining in thick coal seams (5m), the fully mechanized mining in hard thin coal seams, the mining equipment is still in testing period. The hydraulic powered supports used in the conditions of I, II and III[grade immediate roof and main roof can be considered being mature now, while the supports used in the conditions of IVgrade immediate and main roof are in the further developing period. Bisides, the technicoeconomic results of fully mechanized mining have a close relation with the mine production capacity according to statistic informations. So attention must be paid to making the mining technology match the mine production capacity. When equipping fully mechanized faces, it is prior to be considered for better conditions, such as stable roof conditions, gently inclined (less than 15。, hard339。6 this mining method tested again in the steeply inclined extrathick coal seam of Coal Mine (Yiaojie CMA) and achieved good results. Soon afterwards, this mining method applicated in several other coal mines and also achieved successes, its indices of output, efficiency, safety and others are better than that of the traditional mining methods, like the horizontally slicing, the slant slicing, flexible shields, oblique roadway retreating mining and so on. The method of fully mechanized mining with topcoal drawing was also tested in the 曹野： 4 gently inclined thick and extrathick coal seams in Pingdingshan CMA, Yangquan CMA, Luan CMA etc. some of them achieved good results. But some problems have not been resolved yet, such as the spontaneous bustion of coal, the accumutation of dust and methane, the unstable coal recovery rate etc. The method of topcoal drawing mining with the help of slidingbar type supports was tested in some steeply inclined and gently inclined extrathick coal seams. For example, in Huating Coal Mine (Ganshu Province), Baizhigou Coal Mine (Bing County of Shanxi Provice) and Xinyao Coal Mine (Chongxin County of Ganshu Province) the technicoeconomic indices of this mining technology are apparently better than that of the old mining methods. However, some problems still exist, they are mainly that the stability of the slidingbar type supports is not good in case of the coal seam possessing big inclination angle. It has been clearly regulated in the Technical Policies of Coal Industry that fully mech anized mining is the developing direction in our country. After undergoing researches, tests and application, a series of fully mechanized mining equipment suitable to extracting gently inclined working faces with medium mining height have be