【正文】 時(shí)主要是用來描述在過去某個(gè)時(shí)候發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。它也可以用來表示在過去某段時(shí)間里經(jīng)常發(fā)生的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。這一點(diǎn)在表達(dá)意義上與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)相同，只是所在的時(shí)間區(qū)域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如此，所以在使用一般過去時(shí)的句子里常常有一個(gè)意義較具體的過去時(shí)間狀語。這也是它與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的最大區(qū)別之一。一般過去時(shí)由謂語動(dòng)詞的過去式表示，也就是說動(dòng)詞詞末要加ed（除不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞外）。常和一般過去時(shí)連用的過去時(shí)間狀語有：last night(week , month , year , century , etc.), yesterday , the day before yesterday , yesterday morning(afternoon , evening), in 1999 , two hours ago(one week ago , tree years ago , …)等等。使用一般過去時(shí)，在某種意義上說就是要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生或存在于過去的某個(gè)時(shí)候。“過去”的時(shí)間概念有兩層意思：一是指“現(xiàn)在某個(gè)時(shí)間”以前的時(shí)間；二是指“說話、寫文章的那個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)”以前的時(shí)間，在這個(gè)意義上，“現(xiàn)在的那個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)”是很小很小的，甚至于小到無法量化的程度。例如：He got his driving license last 。Where39。s Jim? 吉姆在哪里？He just went 。一般將來時(shí)主要用來描述將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在于未來的情況。這里所說的“將來時(shí)間”是指“說話、寫文章那一刻以后的時(shí)間”。它的表示方法主要有如下幾種：1）shall / will + 動(dòng)詞原形這種表示方法是說，動(dòng)作在現(xiàn)在或目前還未發(fā)生，要在將來的某個(gè)時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生；它沒有主觀性，是“純粹的將來動(dòng)作”。例如：I shall / will not be free 。He will arrive here this 。2)be(am / is / are)+ going +不定式這種表示方法主要是說明A）“說話人的意圖、打算”；B）“某種可能性”。例如：A)He is going to spend his holidays in 。Who is going to speak first? 誰先發(fā)言？ B)It is going to rain 。Is he going to collect any data for us? 他會(huì)幫我們收集資料嗎？If you go to New Zealand, you are going to like the ，你會(huì)喜歡上那個(gè)地方的。3)be(am / is / are)+ 不定式表示方法描述兩鐘情況： 按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間一般不會(huì)很遠(yuǎn)； 要求或命令他人做某事。例如：A)The new bridge is to open to traffic in three 。The factory is to go into production before National 。B)You are not to bring any mobile munication means into the 。You are to stay home until your mother es 。4)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（限于某些動(dòng)詞）表示按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事。這種表示方法實(shí)際上已經(jīng)在上面“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)之4）”中談過。主要強(qiáng)調(diào)“按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事”。例如：Do you get off at the next stop? 你下一站下車嗎？ The plane takes off at 11:00 。 is leaving for New York next 。過去將來時(shí)表示過去的某時(shí)以后將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。但這個(gè)“將來”時(shí)間絕不會(huì)延伸到“現(xiàn)在”；而僅限于“過去時(shí)間區(qū)域內(nèi)”。由此可以看出，含這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的句子常帶一個(gè)表示“過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)”的狀語。這個(gè)狀語或是一個(gè)短語，或是一個(gè)句子。這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)常用于： A）賓語從句或間接引語中；B）表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作；C）表示過去情況中的“愿望”、“傾向”，多用于否定句。例如：A)When I thought about it , I wondered what their reaction would ，我想知道他們的反應(yīng)是什么。She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next ，她第二天要去歐洲旅行。He didn39。t expect that we would all be 。B)During that period , he would do morningexercises every ，他每天早鍛煉。Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some ,他總是幫他媽媽干點(diǎn)家務(wù)活。C)No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he acplished ，他總會(huì)堅(jiān)持不懈地把它干完。They knew that we would never permit such a 。Even after the lecture ended, the audience would not ，聽眾仍不肯離去?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用來描述“說話、寫文章的當(dāng)刻”正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或是“現(xiàn)階段”一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。它適用于下面的情況：1）“說話、寫文章的當(dāng)刻”正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如： They are having a football 。She is writing her term 。Someone is asking for you on the 。2）“現(xiàn)階段”一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。這種情況并不是說某個(gè)動(dòng)作在說話的那會(huì)兒正在發(fā)生，而是說某個(gè)動(dòng)作在當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直在進(jìn)行著，或是重復(fù)地發(fā)生著。例如：He is preparing for CET Band 。How are you getting along with your new job？ 你那份新工作干得怎么樣？3）表示說話人的情感，如：贊許、批評；喜歡、厭惡等。這時(shí)的動(dòng)作并不是正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行，而是表示經(jīng)常性，相當(dāng)于“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”所描述的情況。例如：He is always thinking of others , not of himself.（表示贊許）他總是為他人著想，而不為自己。She is often doing well at school.（表示滿意）她在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)挺不錯(cuò)的。Are you feeling better today?（表示親切）你今天覺得好一些嗎？One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.（表示不滿）我的一個(gè)室友老是亂扔?xùn)|西。Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us.（表示不喜歡）有些推銷員老是敲我家的門,向我們推銷他們的產(chǎn)品。4）表示在近期按計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,用于這種情況僅限于少量的動(dòng)詞，如：go , e , leave ,arrive , see , have , lunch(吃午飯), return, dine(進(jìn)餐，尤指晚餐), work , sleep , stay , play , do , wear(穿，戴)等。例如：I39。m dinning out with my friends this 。An American professor is giving a lecture this 。We are having a holiday next 。Are you staying here till next week? 你要在這兒呆到下星期嗎？過去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)上正在發(fā)生、進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。由于它的定義是表示在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)上正在發(fā)生、進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，所以，句子常帶有一個(gè)表示“過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)”的狀語。這個(gè)狀語可能是短語，詞組，或是一個(gè)從句。也可能是通過上下文來表達(dá)這層意思。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用于下面的情景中： 1）表示在過去某時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，例如：At this moment yesterday, I was packing for ，我正在收拾東西去露營。When I came to see her last time, she was writing an ，她正在寫一篇文章。What were you doing at eight last night ? 昨晚八點(diǎn)鐘你在做什么？2）用于故事的開頭，交代故事發(fā)生的背景情況。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)所描述的動(dòng)作是“正在進(jìn)行”，所以，在這種情景中用“過去進(jìn)行時(shí)”可以給讀者一種“動(dòng)感”，從而能使文章更加生動(dòng)活潑。例如：One night, he was typing in his , a man broke into his house and cut off the electricity ….一天晚上，他正在書房里打字。突然，一個(gè)人闖進(jìn)屋來，切斷了電源……3)（僅限少數(shù)動(dòng)詞）表示在過去的未來時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：When National Day was ing near , they began to make a plan for the ，他們開始制訂度假計(jì)劃。She told me that she was going to Hainan for her 。My friend said to me that he was lunching with one of his customers that ，他今天要與他的一位客戶一塊兒吃午飯。We left there when it39。s getting ，我們離開了那兒。將來進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示：A）在將來某時(shí)候正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；B）預(yù)計(jì)、安排即將發(fā)生或勢必發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：A）在將來某時(shí)候正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作：You can have a meeting in my office on won39。t be using 。那會(huì)兒我不用它。What will you be doing tomorrow morning? 明天上午你做什么？It won39。t be long before that we will be making a new puter for more advanced 。I can39。t go to the party 39。ll be seeing off a 。我要給一位朋友送行。B）預(yù)計(jì)、安排即將發(fā)生或勢必發(fā)生的動(dòng)作： 在這里，將來進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般將來時(shí)很接近，但是前者強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作“按計(jì)劃、安排要發(fā)生；間或也表示委婉、客氣”，而后者只表示“動(dòng)作會(huì)在未來時(shí)間發(fā)生”。We shall be meeting at the school 。What shall we be doing next ? 我們干什么？ If you don39。t do so , you will be facing great 。Shall I be interrupting you if I stay here for a while? 要是我在這兒呆一會(huì)兒，會(huì)干擾你們嗎？現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)對于初接觸現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的人來說，往往會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種茫然，因?yàn)樗坪跖c一般過去時(shí)相似。那就是，這兩種時(shí)態(tài)描述的動(dòng)作都始于過去。其實(shí)不然，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要表示，發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在剛剛完成、或許還要延續(xù)；側(cè)重于這個(gè)動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在帶來的結(jié)果、產(chǎn)生的影響、積累的總和等等。而一般過去時(shí)則只不過是表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的什么時(shí)候。弄清了這一區(qū)別，就很容易理解現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)了。它主要適用于下面的幾種情況： 1）表示截止現(xiàn)在業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作By now, I have collected all the data that I ，我已收集到了我所需的全部資料。She has read 150 pages 。We haven39。t met for many 。They have developed a new 。2）表示發(fā)生在過去而對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響、帶來結(jié)果的動(dòng)作Have you had your dinner? 你吃晚飯了嗎？She has been to the United 。You have grown much 。3）表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能還要延續(xù)It has been five years since he joined the 。They have learned English for eight 。So far we39。ve only discussed the first five 。幾點(diǎn)注意1)一個(gè)句子應(yīng)該用什么時(shí)態(tài)只能取決于它需要表達(dá)的意思，以及它所處的語言環(huán)境。例如：He speaks English.（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的經(jīng)常性。）He spoke English when he was in New Zealand.（一般過去時(shí)，說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間。）He is speaking English.（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，說明動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。）He has spoken English for three years since he came to the USA.（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，這里說明動(dòng)作的總和。）He has been speaking English since he came to the USA.（現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性。）2）在含有時(shí)間狀語從句或條件狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般將來時(shí)，那么從句的謂語動(dòng)詞就只能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來表示將來時(shí)；如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是過去將來時(shí)，那么從句的謂語動(dòng)詞就只能用一般過去時(shí)