【正文】
s(算盤)→abaci。focus(焦點(diǎn))→foci。cactus(仙人掌)→cacti。cestus(拳擊用的牛皮手套)→cesti七、以is結(jié)尾的名詞,通常將is改變?yōu)閑s。讀音變化:尾音[is]改讀[i:z]。例:axis(軸線)→axes。basis→bases。naris(鼻孔)→nares。hypothesis(假設(shè))→hypotheses。restis(索狀體)→restes八、以ix結(jié)尾的名詞,通常將ix改變?yōu)閕ces,但有例外。讀音變化:尾音[iks]改讀[isi:z]。例:matrix(矩陣)→matrices。directrix(準(zhǔn)線)→directrices。calix(杯狀窩,盞)→calices。appendix(闌尾)→appendices 反例:affix(粘住,使固定)→affixes九、以u(píng)m結(jié)尾的名詞,將um改變?yōu)閍。讀音變化:去掉鼻尾音[m]。例:forum(論壇)→fora。stadium(體育場(chǎng))→stadia。aquarium(水族魚缸)→aquaria。datum(數(shù)據(jù))→data。vacuum(真空,空虛)→vacua十、以a結(jié)尾的名詞,在該詞末尾加上后輟e。讀音變化:尾音[E]改讀[i:]。例:larva(昆蟲的幼蟲)→larvae。formula(公式)→formulae。ala(翼)→alae。media(媒介)→mediae。hydra(九頭蛇,水螅)→hydrae十一、部分單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式不變。讀音變化:保持原音。例:fish→fish。sheep→sheep。cattle→cattle。deer→deer。salmon(蛙、三文魚、大馬哈)→salmon cannon →cannon。trout →trout(鱒魚)十二、極少數(shù)單詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)]有任何規(guī)律。讀音變化:沒有規(guī)律。例:man→men。woman→women。child→children。person→people。ox→oxen foot →feet。goose →geese。mouse →mice。tooth →teeth。datum →data數(shù)據(jù) 十三、一些單數(shù)詞得加en才能變成復(fù)數(shù)詞:例:ox→oxen。child→children。brother(用于教堂)→brethren 十四、一些單數(shù)詞得改頭換面一番,才能變成復(fù)數(shù)詞例:analysis→analyses分析。basis→bases基礎(chǔ)。datum→data數(shù)據(jù)。foot→feet。formula公式→formulae/formulas。goose→geese。louse虱子→lice。man→menmouse→mice。medium→media/mediums媒介。emorandum→memoranda/memorandums備忘錄。parenthesis→parentheses 圓括號(hào)。phenomenon→phenomena現(xiàn)象。radius→radii 半徑 tooth→teeth。woman→women十五、有些名詞是單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)不分的例:deer。fish。cannon(大炮)。sheep。salmon 鮭魚。trout 鱒魚 十六、一些名詞雖分單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù),但出現(xiàn)次數(shù)多的總是單數(shù)詞例:absence。clothing。film。help。furniture家具。machinery機(jī)械。news。scenery風(fēng)景。sugar。traffic交通十七、另一些名詞則以復(fù)數(shù)詞出現(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)較多 例:bellows風(fēng)箱。clothes。police。shorts短褲。scissors剪刀。spectacles眼鏡。shears大剪刀 trousers長(zhǎng)褲。wages工資十八、pound nouns,這類復(fù)數(shù)詞是以主要的名詞來表示 例:daughterinlaw→daughtersinlaw 媳婦。fatherinlaw→fathersinlaw岳父manofwar→menofwar兵艦。maidservant→maidservants 女仆tepson→stepsons晚子。soninlaw→sonsinlaw 女婿十九、若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目,要借助數(shù)量詞例:pair(對(duì),雙)。suit(套)。a pair of glasses。two pairs of trousers二十、另外還有一些名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思,例:goods貨物,waters水域,fishes(各種)魚二十一、除人民幣元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。例:a dollar, two dollars。a meter, two meters二十二、合成詞單復(fù)數(shù)變化規(guī)則1)以不可數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾的復(fù)合名詞無復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:homework, newspaper等。2)以man或woman為前綴的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),前后兩個(gè)名詞都變成復(fù)數(shù)。例如:woman doctor→women doctors, man waiter→men )以“可數(shù)名詞+介詞(短語)”構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),把名詞變復(fù)數(shù)。例如:fatherinlaw→fathersinlaw.4)以“動(dòng)詞/過去分詞+副詞”構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),在詞尾加s。例如:grownup→grownups, standby→standbys.二十三、集合名詞單復(fù)數(shù)變化有些名詞為單數(shù)形式,但做整體概念來看待,稱為集合名詞或集體名詞,如:people police cattle,其謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。有些名詞為單數(shù)形式,做整體概念來看待時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。強(qiáng)調(diào)整體中具體人或事物時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如:class, family, audience, mittee, army.【例句】1)The class are doing experiments on heat and light in the lab.2)A large class is like a big banquet, which requires a teacher to make full pr eparation and have good ,以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。例如:people police cattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù),不能說 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以說a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名詞,表示國(guó)民總稱時(shí),作復(fù)數(shù)用,如The Chinese are industries and 。其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化1)以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞,或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),直接加s變復(fù)數(shù): 如: two Marys the Henrys monkeymonkeys holidayholidays 比較: 層樓:storeystoreys storystories2)以o 結(jié)尾的名詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí):,如: photophotos pianopianos radioradios zoozoos;,如:potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes ,如:zerozeros / zeroes3)以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí):,如: beliefbeliefs roofroofs safesafes gulfgulfs;,fe 加ves,如:halfhalves knifeknives leafleaves wolfwolves wifewives lifelives thiefthieves; ,如: handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化1)childchildren footfeet toothteeth mousemice manmen womanwomen 注意:與 man 和 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是men 和women。如: an Englishman,two ,故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans;Bowman是姓,其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。2)單復(fù)同形 如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin 但除人民幣元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: a dollar, two dollars。a meter, two meters3)集體名詞,以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。如: people police cattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù),不能說 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以說 a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名詞,表示國(guó)民總稱時(shí),作復(fù)數(shù)用。如: The Chinese are industries and 。4)以s結(jié)尾,仍為單數(shù)的名詞,如:,politics,physics等學(xué)科名詞,為不可數(shù)名詞,是單數(shù)。 是不可數(shù)名詞。 United States,the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。The United Nations was organized in 。,劇名,報(bào)紙,雜志名,也可視為單數(shù)?!癟he Arabian Nights” is a very interesting storybook.是一本非常有趣的故事書。5)表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西,如:glasses(眼鏡)trousers, clothes 若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目,要借助數(shù)量詞 pair(對(duì),雙)。suit(套)。a pair of glasses。two pairs of trousers 6)另外還有一些名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思,如:goods貨物,waters水域,fishes(各種)魚英語名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)主要有以下規(guī)則:一、絕大多數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,是在該詞末尾加上后輟s。讀音變化:結(jié)尾是清輔音讀[s],結(jié)尾是濁輔音或元音讀[z]。例:friend→friends。cat→cats。style→styles。sport→sports。piece→pieces二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾的詞,在該詞末尾加上后輟es構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。讀音變化:統(tǒng)一加讀[iz]。例:bus→buses。quiz→quizzes。fox→foxes。match→matches。flash→flashes box →boxes。watch →watches。actress →actresses。class →classes。coach(長(zhǎng)途車)→coaches。dress →dresses。sandwich →sandwiches。toothbrush →toothbrushes。waitress(女侍者)→waitresses三、以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞,將y改變?yōu)閕,再加es。讀音變化:加讀[z]。例:candy→candies。daisy(雛菊)→daisies。fairy→fairies。lady→ladies。story→storiesstrawberry →strawberries。baby →babies。puppy →puppies。library →libraries。dictionary →dictionaries。cherry →cherries。activity →activities四、以o結(jié)尾的名詞,如果不是外來詞或縮寫,就加es,否則加s構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。(有生命的加es,無生命的加s)讀音變化:加讀[z]。例:tomato→tomatoes。potato→potatoes。torpedo(魚雷)→torpedoes。bingo(彩票式游戲)→bingoes反例:silo(青貯塔)→silos。piano→pianos(外來詞)。photo→photos。macro(宏指令,計(jì)機(jī)算語言)→macros(縮寫詞)五、以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,多為將f或fe改變?yōu)関es,但有例外。讀音變化:尾音[f]改讀[vz]。例:knife→knives。life→lives。leaf→leaves。staff(員工)→staves。scarf(圍巾)→scarves目前搜集的直接加s:roofroofs, beliefbeliefs,gulf(海灣)gulfs, serf(農(nóng)奴)serfs,safesafes,chief(負(fù)責(zé)人)chiefs這幾個(gè)可變可不變: scarfscarfs,handkerchiefhandkerchiefs六、以u(píng)s結(jié)尾的名詞(多為外來詞),通常將us改變?yōu)閕構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。讀音變化:尾音[Es]改讀[ai],其中[kEs]要改讀為[sai],[gEs]要改讀為[dVai]。例:fungus(真菌)→fungi。abacus(算盤)→abaci。focus(焦點(diǎn))→foci。cactus(仙人掌)→cacti。cestus(拳擊用的牛皮手套)→cesti七、以is結(jié)尾的名詞,通常將is改變?yōu)閑s。讀音變化:尾音[is]改讀[i:z]。例:axis(軸線)→axes。basis→bases。naris(鼻孔)→nares。hypothesis(假設(shè))→hypotheses。restis(索狀體)→restes八、以ix結(jié)尾的名詞,通常將ix改變?yōu)閕ces,但有例外。讀音