【正文】 一起，是表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的有效手段。1）where the answer is yes,we intend to the answer is no,program will end.（哪個(gè)方案的答案是肯定的，我們就推進(jìn)哪個(gè)方案。哪個(gè)方案的答案是否定的，我們就選擇終止。）（4）倒裝（inversion）：謂語(yǔ)置于主語(yǔ)之前，詞序不同于正常語(yǔ)序的語(yǔ)法修辭手段，達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中某一成分的目的。1）they understood that our power alone cannotprotect us,nor does it entitle us to do as we please（.他們明白單憑自己的力量我們無(wú)法保護(hù)自己，也無(wú)權(quán)做到隨心所欲。）2）we will not apologize for our way of life,norwill we waver in its defense?（我們不會(huì)為我們的生活方式感到抱歉，也不會(huì)動(dòng)搖地捍衛(wèi)我們的生活方式?）（5）引經(jīng)據(jù)典（allusion）：引用《圣經(jīng)》的格言和美國(guó)國(guó)父?jìng)兊闹螄?guó)理念及教導(dǎo)，使聽(tīng)眾更容易理解和接受。1）?to carry forward precious gift,that noble idea,passed on from generation to generation:the godgivenpromise that all are equal,all are free and all deserve achance to pursue their full measure of happiness（.?我們秉承歷史賦予的寶貴權(quán)利，秉承那種代代相傳的高尚理念：上帝賦予我們每個(gè)人以平等和自由，以及每個(gè)人盡全力去追求幸福的機(jī)會(huì)。)三、結(jié)語(yǔ)奧巴馬的就職演說(shuō)詞表面上是通過(guò)口頭方式進(jìn)行表達(dá)的，似乎是脫稿演講，實(shí)際上是經(jīng)過(guò)了精心準(zhǔn)備和斟酌，并且做到了藏稿于心。整篇演說(shuō)詞樸實(shí)無(wú)華，極少使用堂皇之詞，這與奧巴馬的平民、律師、美國(guó)首位黑人總統(tǒng)的身份是相符的，使得他的演說(shuō)更容易被普羅大眾所接受。在這篇看似平凡的演講中，奧巴馬使用了不平凡的修辭手段來(lái)增強(qiáng)演講的效果。他使用了音韻修辭格、詞匯修辭格和句法修辭格等多種修辭手段為演講增添色彩，本文例舉的數(shù)十處例句是其主要的修辭手段，但還有一些修辭詞句沒(méi)有列舉出來(lái)。奧巴馬在演講中嫻熟地使用了語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)的技巧來(lái)提高演講的效果，他吸取了歷屆總統(tǒng)就職演說(shuō)的精華，又旗幟鮮明地保留了自己的時(shí)代感，現(xiàn)實(shí)性和平民性，同時(shí)，也使這篇演說(shuō)詞具有了語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)的欣賞性。參考文獻(xiàn)[1][m].上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社,2000:1201.[2][m].長(zhǎng)沙:中南大學(xué)出版社,2006:96106.[3]richards,.,[m].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,2002:16.[4]thornborrow,j..patterns in language:stylistics for studentsof language and literature[m].routledge,1998:393.[5][j].西南民族大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(人文社科版),2004,(6):407410.[6]王佐良,[m].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,1987:122.(責(zé)任編輯：董雅潔)一、演說(shuō)與修辭時(shí)下英語(yǔ)界一般將英語(yǔ)文體（或稱語(yǔ)體）分為口頭體和書面體兩大類。但實(shí)踐證明，這樣的劃分失之粗率。其弊病在于名實(shí)難符：口頭體并不僅限于口語(yǔ)形式，而書面體也不僅限于書面形式。譬如，正式場(chǎng)合的演講、報(bào)告，以及官方的談話所用的文體就不能劃入口語(yǔ)體，而應(yīng)屬于書面體。演說(shuō)活動(dòng)自古以來(lái)就是人類社會(huì)的一項(xiàng)重要活動(dòng)。演講者通過(guò)宣傳某種思想，讓聽(tīng)眾理解和接受自己的觀點(diǎn)和主張，進(jìn)而號(hào)召聽(tīng)眾采取一致的行動(dòng)。演講者要達(dá)到預(yù)想的演講效果必須研究演說(shuō)詞的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)藝術(shù)。演說(shuō)詞的修辭手法是演講者最主要的語(yǔ)言技巧。修辭是從表達(dá)方式，表達(dá)效果的角度去研究語(yǔ)音、詞匯、語(yǔ)法的運(yùn)用。美國(guó)總統(tǒng)的就職演說(shuō)是一種在特定場(chǎng)合下的演說(shuō)。現(xiàn)場(chǎng)聽(tīng)眾可達(dá)百萬(wàn)之眾，并且向國(guó)內(nèi)外進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)直播。美國(guó)民眾及世界各國(guó)總是對(duì)新總統(tǒng)有著無(wú)限期待，總統(tǒng)的就職演說(shuō)可謂是新政府向民眾交出的第一份答卷。總統(tǒng)要在就職演說(shuō)中抒發(fā)自己的治國(guó)理想，分析國(guó)家面臨的困難和挑戰(zhàn)，宣布自己的施政綱領(lǐng)以及如何實(shí)現(xiàn)民眾的希望。各大媒體的調(diào)查表明，大多數(shù)美國(guó)民眾對(duì)奧巴馬的就職演說(shuō)感到滿意和非常滿意。本文擬從語(yǔ)音、詞匯和句法三個(gè)方面的修辭手段的使用情況對(duì)奧巴馬的就職演說(shuō)進(jìn)行文體分析，探討這篇演說(shuō)詞的語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)。二、奧巴馬演說(shuō)詞的修辭手段 （1）頭韻（alliteration）是語(yǔ)音修辭手段之一。它是指兩個(gè)以上緊鄰單詞首音（通常是輔音）相同。頭韻的修辭作用是增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的節(jié)奏感，使語(yǔ)言產(chǎn)生音樂(lè)般的美感。頭韻多用于詩(shī)歌和散文中，但人們也經(jīng)常在演講中運(yùn)用頭韻來(lái)增加語(yǔ)言的美感，加深聽(tīng)眾的印象。同樣尾韻（end rhyme）也有類似的修辭作用。奧巴馬就職演說(shuō)中運(yùn)用頭韻的句子有： 1）with old friends and former foes,we will worktirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat?（對(duì)于老朋友和老對(duì)手，我們將不遺余力地繼續(xù)削弱核威脅?）2）we are shaped by every language and culture,drawn from every end of this earth.（我們民族的成長(zhǎng)受到許多語(yǔ)言和文化的影響，我們吸取了這個(gè)地球上任何一個(gè)角落的有益成分.）運(yùn)用尾韻的句子有： 1）homes have been lost。jobs shed。businessshuttered.（我們的人民正失去家園，失去工作，企業(yè)要倒閉。）2）rather,it has been the risk–takers,the doers,the makers of things...(確實(shí)，這條路是勇于承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)者之路，是實(shí)干家、創(chuàng)造者之路...）朗讀上述句子，可以體會(huì)到使用頭韻和尾韻給語(yǔ)言帶來(lái)的節(jié)奏和韻律。在英語(yǔ)詞匯中含有六個(gè)字母以上或三個(gè)音節(jié)以上的詞通常被看成是大詞。這些詞往往來(lái)自于拉丁語(yǔ)，希臘語(yǔ)或法語(yǔ)，或者有著復(fù)雜的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。大詞在正式的書面體中出現(xiàn)頻率較多。在奧巴馬的就職演說(shuō)詞中，總詞匯量為2393個(gè)，其中六個(gè)字母以上的單詞就有643個(gè)，%，稍低于美國(guó)總統(tǒng)就職演說(shuō)詞中六個(gè)字母以上詞的平均含詞量：%。從這一數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)看，奧氏的就職演說(shuō)與往屆的美國(guó)總統(tǒng)的就職演說(shuō)一樣，具有很明顯的口語(yǔ)體特征。演講者往往使用形容詞來(lái)對(duì)某些言行進(jìn)行繪聲繪色的描述，以此表達(dá)自己的主觀傾向，渲染感情色彩。在奧氏就職演說(shuō)中有形容詞137個(gè)，%，%相近，但遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于美國(guó)總統(tǒng)就職演說(shuō)詞中形容詞的平均含詞量：%。在演說(shuō)中大量使用第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)是許多演講者常用的語(yǔ)言技巧，目的是將聽(tīng)眾拉到演講者一邊，將演講者和聽(tīng)眾放到同一立場(chǎng)上，讓聽(tīng)眾感受到―我們是相同‖的認(rèn)同感。奧氏在就職演說(shuō)中使用―我們（we）‖有55次，其變體―our‖有61次，―us‖有21次，三項(xiàng)合計(jì)有137次，而奧氏演講全文中有129句，另加101個(gè)從句和25個(gè)并列句，幾乎是一開(kāi)口必稱―我們‖。美國(guó)總統(tǒng)的就職演說(shuō)為了使語(yǔ)言表達(dá)更為準(zhǔn)確、具體、鮮明、生動(dòng)、有力，常常會(huì)使用明喻、隱喻、擬人、夸張、借代等詞匯修辭格幫助聽(tīng)眾加深對(duì)事物的理解，加強(qiáng)演講的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)氣氛，提高演講效果。以下是奧巴馬在就職演說(shuō)中的使用情況。第四篇：奧巴馬演講詞Remarks of President Barack ObamaMay 19, 2012 For the past three and a half years, we’ve been fighting our way back from an historic economic crisis – one caused by breathtaking irresponsibility on the part of some on Wall Street who treated our financial system like a only did that behavior nearly destroy the financial system – it cost our economy millions of jobs, hurt middleclass families, and left taxpayers holding the then, we’ve recovered taxpayer dollars that were used to stabilize troubled we’ve put in place Wall Street reform with smarter, tougher, monsense rules that serve one primary purpose: to prevent a crisis like that from ever happening yet, for the past two years, too many Republicans in Congress and an army of financial industry lobbyists have actually been waging an allout battle to delay, defund, and dismantle Wall Street , we’ve seen why we can’t let that found out that a big mistake at one of our biggest banks resulted in a two billion dollar that bank can handle a loss of that size, other banks may not have been able without Wall Street reform, we could have found ourselves with the taxpayers once again on the hook for Wall Street’s ’s why it’s so important that Members of Congress stand on the side of reform, not against it。because we can’t afford to go back to an era of weak regulation and little oversight。where excessive risktaking on Wall Street and a lack of basic oversight in Washington nearly destroyed our can39。t afford to go back to that brand of “you’reonyourown” after the American people have worked so hard to e back from this ’ve got to keep moving ’ve got to finish the job of implementing this reform and putting these rules in new rules say that, if you’rea big bank or financial institution, you now have to hold more cash on hand so that if you make a bad decision you pay for it, not the have to write out a “l(fā)iving will” that details how you’ll be wound down if you do new law takes away big bonuses and paydays from failed CEOs, while giving shareholders a say on executive for the first time in our nation’s history, we have in place a consumer watchdog whose sole job is to look out for working families by protecting them from deceptive and unfair unless you run a financial institution whose business model is built on cheating consumers, or making risky bets that could damage the whole economy, you have nothing to fear from Wall Street , it discourages big banks and financial institutions from making risky bets with taxpayerinsured it encourages them to do things that actually help the economy – like extending loans toentrepreneurs with good ideas, to middleclass families who want to buy a home, to students who want to pursue higher is what Wall Street reform is all about – making this economy stronger for we are going to keep worki