【正文】 rving a household word and his fame 。歐文的思想是保守的。Irving’s taste wasessentially 《瑞普凡溫克爾》中得到了一定程度的體現(xiàn)。This social conservatism and literary preference for the past is revealed, to some extent, in his famous story “Rip Van Winkle.”歐文喜歡過(guò)去，喜歡夢(mèng)境，不喜歡現(xiàn)在，不喜歡現(xiàn)實(shí)。Irving agree on the preferablity of the past to the present, and the preferability of a dreamlike world to the real 、歐文是“完善了美國(guó)文學(xué)的古典主義風(fēng)格”的作家。Washington Irving has always been regarded as a writer who “perfected the best classic style that American Literature ever produced.”歐文在藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作方面堪稱是“美國(guó)的金匠”。Washington Irving is worth the honor of being“the American Goldsmith” for his literary 、Ralph Waldo Emerson散文家essayist愛(ài)默生是新英格蘭超驗(yàn)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的主要代表。超驗(yàn)主義俱樂(lè)部非正式的宣言就是《論自然》Nature,這是愛(ài)默生的第一本書(shū)，卻使愛(ài)默生成為了新英格蘭超驗(yàn)主義文學(xué)的發(fā)言人。愛(ài)默生的《散文集》為他建立了永久的散文家的聲名，他的著名文章都收錄在那里，這些文章表達(dá)了他的哲學(xué)思想philosophical discussions和超驗(yàn)主義的精神transcendental pursuits，如《論美國(guó)學(xué)者》The American Scholar,《論自立》 SelfReliance，《論超靈》The 《散文集續(xù)集》更徹底地表現(xiàn)了他自《散文集》發(fā)表以后的思想，其中《論詩(shī)人》和《論經(jīng)驗(yàn)》，前者就美國(guó)文學(xué)的現(xiàn)狀作出美學(xué)的評(píng)判，后者對(duì)唯心主義和日常生活的沖突進(jìn)行討論。愛(ài)默生的哲學(xué)思想和超驗(yàn)主義精神在美國(guó)具有重大影響，產(chǎn)生了像梭羅、惠特曼、狄金森。梭羅作為受愛(ài)默生的弟子，受愛(ài)默生及其作品Nature的影響巨大，梭羅寫(xiě)成了超驗(yàn)主義的偉大作品《沃爾登》。霍桑受愛(ài)默生超驗(yàn)主義理論很大影響。愛(ài)默生的文章提出了超靈哲學(xué)、個(gè)人及自然的重要性。愛(ài)默生《論自然》中“透明眼球”atransparent eyeball的比喻說(shuō)明他的哲學(xué)思想：人是自然超靈的一部分，同時(shí)又能從自然中獲取經(jīng)驗(yàn)。愛(ài)默生相信直覺(jué)知識(shí)intuitive knowledge,覺(jué)得人應(yīng)該自立。他在《論自立》中寫(xiě)道“Trust thyself,”相信你自己吧，人類可以發(fā)展完善自己的可能性是無(wú)限的。愛(ài)默生通過(guò)使用自然作為精神、上帝或超靈的象征，將清教的象征主義思想遺產(chǎn)臻于完美。愛(ài)默生的散文風(fēng)格：1)causal style ,most of them were derivedfrom his journals or lectures2)short, declarative sentences ,not quitelogically connected ,but illustrative statements of truth and )His philosophical discussion is difficult tounderstand but he use parisons and metaphors to make the general idea of his work clearly )Employed the classics of WesternEuropean literature to make and enrich his own points but never let them take the full reins of his was showing to the world a distinctive American style, as his The American Scholar in 、Nathaniel Hawthorne霍桑是美國(guó)文學(xué)史上最富矛盾情感mostambivalent的作家，對(duì)人類內(nèi)心世界 “interior of the heart” of man’s being具有極大的興趣。1837年，霍桑出版了《盡人皆知的故事》TwiceTold Tales，a collection of short stories which attracted critical 、The Scarlet Letter is regarded as the best ofHawthorne’s works, tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a Puritan munity are involved in andaffected by the sin of adultery通奸in different 《紅字》中，霍桑集中表現(xiàn)道德、情感和心理對(duì)大眾的作用，揭示社會(huì)與個(gè)人的緊張矛盾。Hawthorne focuses on the moral,emotional, and psychological effects of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and 、The House of the Seven Gables、TheBlithedale Romance(his own experiences onthe Brook Farm)、The Marble Faun(a romance set in Italy, the book is concern about the dark aberrations of the human spirit精神失常?；羯５暮诎档娜松^black vision of life andhuman beings使他的內(nèi)心世界不安和痛苦。Black vision refers to all men are by nature “There is evil in every human heart , With the scarlet letter A as the biggest symbol of all, Hawthorne proves himself to be one of the best is a master of 、the theme of Young Goodman Brown: 簡(jiǎn)答6分1)Young Goodman Brown is essentially an is concerned with a young Puritan who attend a witches’ Sabbath in which may remain latent潛在的，perhaps, through the whole life。but circumstances may rouse it to activity.” A piece of literary work should “show how we are all wronged and wrongers , and avenge報(bào)復(fù) one another.”In almost all Hawthorne’s works ,he discussessin and “Young Goodman Brown,” Hawthorne sets out to prove that everyone possesses some evil exemplifies what Melville called the “power of blackness” in Hawthorne’s “The Minister’s Black Veil,” Hawthorne goes further to suggest that everyone tries to hold the evil secret from one another in the way the minister tries to convince his people with his black veil.“The Birthmark,” drives home symbolically Hawthorne’s point that evil is man’s birthmark, something he is born 、霍桑最關(guān)注的一個(gè)罪惡之源就是一個(gè)人過(guò)于自傲自負(fù)。他筆下的這些自傲自負(fù)的知識(shí)分子，霍桑對(duì)人類及人類歷史的看法起源于清教。他本人不是清教徒，他認(rèn)為“一代人的錯(cuò)誤行為會(huì)遺傳到下幾代人”，并懷疑自己遺傳了他先輩的罪惡。對(duì)罪惡的敏感和理解方式是典型的加爾文主義思想Calvinistic belief，認(rèn)為人類本質(zhì)是邪惡的，必然向上帝贖罪should obey God to atone for their ，在The House of the Seven Gables和The Scarlet Letter中都表現(xiàn)了這種反清教的思想?！癟heCustomHouse” as an introductory note to The Scarlet Letter proves fruitful to Hawthorne’s 、Hawthorne’s artistic feature:the )Goodman Brown’s journey is a symbolicjourney of discovering sin and evil inhuman discovery is horrible in that it makes Brown a distrust and doubtful man )In dealing with the theme of guilt and sin ,Hawthorne exemplifies the “power of blackness”.4)The story faithfully reflects Hawthorne’sPuritan belief: “ There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life。but circumstances may rouse it to activity.” Whitman 沃爾特惠特曼惠特曼是有強(qiáng)烈使命感with strong sense ofmission的美國(guó)著名詩(shī)人，他的詩(shī)體現(xiàn)了美國(guó)的民主思想，反映了美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的重大史實(shí)，代表作是他畢生唯一一本詩(shī)集《草葉集》?；萏芈凇恫萑~集》中表現(xiàn)的是一種開(kāi)放性、自由性及個(gè)性，他想表達(dá)新的詩(shī)情，開(kāi)創(chuàng)一種新的詩(shī)歌傳統(tǒng)。沃爾特惠特曼認(rèn)為，詩(shī)歌可以塑造一個(gè)新的民族精神，可以幫助脫離歐洲思想和殖民地統(tǒng)治的影響，還可以幫助美國(guó)人民重新理解其新的地位和在新的充滿無(wú)限可能的國(guó)家里給自己定位。As Whitman saw it, poetry could play a vital part in the process of creating a new could enable Americans to celebrate their release from the Old World and the colonial 、惠特曼的詩(shī)歌主題豐富，他關(guān)注整個(gè)勤勞的民族the whole hard working people 以及新興城市的生活the burgeoning life of cities。在他的詩(shī)中，個(gè)人價(jià)值的實(shí)現(xiàn)也得到了特殊的表現(xiàn)?！恫萑~集》絕大部分作品都是歌頌整個(gè)美國(guó)以及自我的most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing ofthe “enmasse” and the self as well?；萏芈麵n Herman Melville’s final years he turned again 強(qiáng)調(diào)自我的物理存在和性愛(ài) to prose fiction and wrote what is probably his惠特曼也有一些政治抒情詩(shī)。Some of second famous work,Billy Budd ,notWhiteman’s poems are politically ,until and during the Civil War, Whiteman《比利．伯德》死后才出版 stood firmly on the side of the North and wrotea series of poems incorporating his emotionsand feelings during the period, which weregathered as a collection under the title of 《鼓點(diǎn)》描寫(xiě)美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的。在《渡河的騎兵》（《草葉集》中《鼓點(diǎn)》里的一首詩(shī)）Cavalry Cross a Ford中惠特曼expressedmuch mourning for the sufferings of the young lives in