【導(dǎo)讀】數(shù)據(jù)庫的建立和維護以及前端應(yīng)用程序的開發(fā)兩個方面。Access建立起完整性強、安全性好的數(shù)據(jù)庫。而對于后者選擇了VisualBasic. 作為開發(fā)工具，利用其提供的各種面向?qū)ο蟮拈_發(fā)工具建立了這一系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)是針對各類學(xué)院或者研究院的項目管理而設(shè)計開發(fā)的。本情況、項目進展程度、項目經(jīng)費開支、以及科研成果和項目獲獎情況等。

　　

【正文】 6 系統(tǒng)測試 軟件測試的目標(biāo)是為了發(fā)現(xiàn)程序中的錯誤而執(zhí)行程序的過程，測試目標(biāo)決定了測試方案的設(shè)計。按照在設(shè)計測試用例時是否涉及到程序的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)，可以把動態(tài)測試區(qū)分為白盒測試和黑盒測試兩類技術(shù)。 白盒測試時，測試者對被測試程序的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)是清楚的。 從程序的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)入手，按照一定的原則（例如每條語句至少執(zhí)行一次，或每條路徑至少執(zhí)行一次，等等）來設(shè)計測試用例，設(shè)定測試數(shù)據(jù)。 黑盒測試的情況正好相反。此時，測試者把被測程序看成一個黑盒，完全用不著關(guān)心程序的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。設(shè)計測試用例時，僅以程序的外部功能為根據(jù)。一方面檢查程序能否完成一切應(yīng)做的事情，另一方面要考慮它能否拒絕一切不應(yīng)該做的事情。 該系統(tǒng)的測試主要采用上述測試方法中的“白盒測試”，通過 VB中的逐語句、逐過程、設(shè)置斷點等方法進行。例如，采用程序中的設(shè)置斷點法，進行斷點測試，逐步縮小范圍并最終找到問題的 解。在編寫的過程中一邊編寫一邊進行測試，發(fā)現(xiàn)錯誤立刻更正盡量使模塊功能更貼近用戶。為了使系統(tǒng)能夠穩(wěn)定運行，又對系統(tǒng)進行了有針對性的全面測試，采取的方式是： ：為了保證每一項下拉菜單能夠正確實現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的功能，需要把有關(guān)課題項目的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)，包括項目的基本信息、進展情況、經(jīng)費情況、學(xué)術(shù)論文、著作、獲獎情況等所有信息都輸入到系統(tǒng)中，并對每一個菜單反復(fù)進行增加、刪除、修改、存盤等操作，從而保證了菜單級功能的正確實現(xiàn)。 ：完成菜單項測試后，再對系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的每一個數(shù)據(jù)進行跟蹤。例如：針對項目經(jīng)費管 理這一項，首先將某項目的概況錄入到系統(tǒng)中，然后跟蹤這一錄入的數(shù)據(jù)，打開經(jīng)費管理的窗口，找到事先錄入的某項目名稱，再進行經(jīng)費的分配與計算。經(jīng)過系統(tǒng)測試并修改之后，課題項目進程管理系統(tǒng)基本上完成了在任務(wù)書中所要求的功能。 總結(jié) 在本系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計之初，我首先熟悉了一下數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)工具和我將要使用的開發(fā)語言，然后按照軟件工程生存周期的瀑布模型，即通過軟件需求分析，系統(tǒng)總體設(shè)計，系統(tǒng)詳細(xì)設(shè)計，編碼及測試等步驟，分階段地完成了我的系統(tǒng)開發(fā)。 在需求分析階段，我向?qū)W校及礦院的科研處了解到課題項目進 程管理的步驟，并查看了學(xué)?？蒲刑幍木W(wǎng)頁，搜集了一些相關(guān)資料。接下來，使用結(jié)構(gòu)化的分析方法（ SA, Structured Analysis）畫出系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)流圖，編寫相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)字典，為下一步的軟件設(shè)計奠定了良好基礎(chǔ)。 在進行總體設(shè)計時，首先分析系統(tǒng)將要實現(xiàn)的功能，然后設(shè)計出系統(tǒng)的功能模塊，畫出功能模塊圖。且建立了系統(tǒng)的概念模型，使用 ER圖表示，并列出系統(tǒng)關(guān)系模型的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)。而在系統(tǒng)的詳細(xì)設(shè)計階段，我進一步對各個模塊功能的具體實現(xiàn)進行了分析，并設(shè)計出窗體界面。我選擇 Visual Basic 語言進行編碼，使用 VB 本身自帶的 Access 數(shù)據(jù)庫，訪問的是 Jet 數(shù)據(jù)庫類型，即數(shù)據(jù)庫由 Jet引擎直接生成和操作。在編碼和測試的過程中，遇到了很多問題和困難，但通過老師和同學(xué)的幫助，終于渡過了難關(guān)。 這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計使我深深體會到了軟件工程方法的重要性，讓我從以前對軟件工程的理論認(rèn)識，上升到了對它的具體實踐。這也讓我學(xué)會了一種解決問題的方法，從總體考慮，從基礎(chǔ)著手，然后才能逐步展開，具體解決，否則自己的思維將凌亂無緒，而所設(shè)計的系統(tǒng)也將毫無實際意義。 再者，系統(tǒng)開發(fā)中要進行大量的編碼，這毫無疑問也要從整體考慮，否則將前功盡棄。而且要 盡量編寫過程函數(shù)，以簡化程序，提高編程效率。我在開始編碼時，忽視了這一點，因而總是從頭再來，浪費了很多時間，也因此得到教訓(xùn)而積累了經(jīng)驗。希望自己能夠?qū)⑺鶎W(xué)的知識和總結(jié)的方法予以實踐，為將來走上工作崗位打下堅實的基礎(chǔ)。 致謝 短短幾個月過去了，緊張的畢業(yè)設(shè)計即將結(jié)束，在大學(xué)里的最后一項學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)也即將完成。當(dāng)把學(xué)位論文成功完成，并裝訂后，頓時感到一種收獲的喜悅。它不僅是我大學(xué)里最后一份答卷，而且是我三個多月的學(xué)習(xí)與實踐相結(jié)合的成果。 四個月來，由開始拿到課題時的茫然，到現(xiàn)在畢業(yè)設(shè)計任務(wù)的圓滿完 成，其中有我的不懈努力，也包含著許多老師和同學(xué)的無私幫助。在此，特別向熱心指導(dǎo)、關(guān)心我本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計及論文的 XXX 老師表達我由衷的敬意，并致以最真摯的感謝。 XXX 老師不遺余力的盡心指導(dǎo)，解決疑難，令我深感敬佩。 另外，要感謝在這次畢業(yè)論文撰寫中許多同學(xué)對我的幫助，讓我能夠及時地理解疑難問題。也真摯的感謝計算機學(xué)院的老師的幫助，感謝圖書館的老師和計算機中心的老師辛勤工作，使我有一個很好的環(huán)境完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計及論文。最后，還要深深感謝在即將進行的畢業(yè)答辯中各位評審老師的辛勤工作。 主要參考文獻 1 劉瑞新，李樹東，萬朝陽 . Visual Basic 程序設(shè)計教程 . 北京：電子工業(yè)出版社， 2021 年 3 月 2 盧毅 . Visual Basic 6 數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計實例導(dǎo)航 . 北京：科學(xué)出版社， 2021年 3 伍俊良 . 管理信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)與應(yīng)用 . 北京：科學(xué)出版社， 1999 年 4 薛華成 . 管理信息系統(tǒng) . 北京：清華大學(xué)出版社， 2021 年 5 Ian ： China Machine 6 史濟民 . 軟件工程原理、方法與應(yīng)用 . 北京：高等教育出版社， 2021 年1 月 7 協(xié)同教育微軟 ATC 教材編譯室 . Access 2021 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)培訓(xùn)教程 . 北京：電子工業(yè)出版社， 2021 年 1月 8 薩師煊，王珊 . 數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)概論 . 北京：高等教育出版社 . 2021 年 5月 9 Michael Mckelvy. Visual Basic Study Guide. Beijing： Publishing House of Electronics Industry. 1999 This boothwn outside, each car became a single anism which ate and drank and excreted through its ventilators. It talked or sometimes yelled through its ventilators, too. In went water and loaves of blackbread and sausage and cheese, and out came shit and piss and language. Human beings in there were excreting into steel helmets, which were passed to the people at the ventilators, who dumped them. Billy was a dumper. The human beings also passed canteens, which guards would fill with water. When food came in, the human beings were quiet and trusting and beautiful. They shared. Human beings in there took turns standing or lying down. The legs of those who stood were like fence posts driven into a warm ., squirming, fatting, sighing earth. The queer earth was a mosaic of sleepers who nestled like spoons. Now the train began to creep eastward. Somewhere in there was Christmas. Billy Pilgrim nestled like a spoon with the hobo on Christmas night, and he fell asleep, and he traveled in time to 1967 againto the night he was kidnapped by a flying saucer from Tralfamadore. Four Billy Pilgrim could not sleep on his daughters wedding night. He was forty four. The wedding had taken place that afternoon in a gaily striped tent in Billy39。s backyard. The stripes were orange and black. Billy and his wife, Valencia, nestled like spoons in their big double bed. They were jiggled by Magic Fingers. Valencia didn39。 t need to be jiggled to sleep. Valencia was snoring like a bandsaw. T he poor woman didn39。t have ovaries or a uterus any more. They had been removed by a surgeonby one of Billy39。s partners in the New Holiday Inn. There was a full moon. Billy got out of bed in the moonlight. He felt spooky and luminous felt as though he were wrapped in cool fur that was full of static electricity. He looked down at his bare feet. They were ivory and blue. Billy now shuffled down his upstairs hallway, knowing he was about to be kidnapped by a flying saucer. The hallway was zebra striped with darkness and moonlight. The moonlight came into the hallway through doorways of the empty rooms of Billy39。s two children, children no more. They were gone forever. Billy was guided by dread and the lack of dread. Dread told him when to stop. Lack of it told him when to move again. He stopped. He went into his daughter39。s room. Her drawers were dumped. her closet was empty. Heaped in the middle of the room were all the possessions she could not take on a honeymoon. She had a Princess telephone extension all her ownon her windowsill Its tiny night light stared at Billy. And then it rang. Billy answered. There was a drunk on the other end. Bi 39。Who killed me? he would ask. And everybody knew the answer., which was this: Billy Pilgrim.39。 Listen on the tenth night the peg was pulled out of the hasp on Billy39。s boxcar door, and the door was opened. Billy Pilgrim was lying a t an angle on the cornerbrace, selfcrucified, holding himself there with a blue and ivory claw hooked over the sill of the ventilator. Billy coughed when the door was opened, and when he coughed he shit