【導(dǎo)讀】爭日趨激烈企業(yè)在競爭中面臨著嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn)。部分企業(yè)甚至可能被淘汰。適應(yīng)新的國內(nèi)外形勢在競爭中求生存，在生存中求發(fā)展。效率，提高管理水平，在降低成本的同時(shí)達(dá)到提高企業(yè)競爭力的目的。無疑是實(shí)現(xiàn)上述目標(biāo)的有力手段之一。但是很少有針對具體企業(yè)的MIS研究，較。少具體考慮企業(yè)的特殊狀況，因而造成了實(shí)施成功率低、浪費(fèi)嚴(yán)重的現(xiàn)象。將具有重要的實(shí)用價(jià)值。部及其環(huán)境的信息，以幫助他們進(jìn)行決策。從環(huán)境上看，世界己變成“市場全球化、需求多。元化、競爭激烈化、戰(zhàn)略短期化”。首先產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)要適應(yīng)市場的需要，其次企業(yè)要有效率。企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略竟優(yōu)、有利于企業(yè)提高效率從而取得效益。優(yōu)勢，使得國外企業(yè)的MIS實(shí)施成功率較高，也取得了顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)效益。在MIS的基礎(chǔ)理論研究方面也取得了相當(dāng)大的成就。素的影響，企業(yè)的MIS建設(shè)跟國外還有很大的差距。為整個(gè)系統(tǒng)提供安全保障。

　　

【正文】 統(tǒng)的必經(jīng)之路 [11]。 信息時(shí)代的到來和企業(yè)改革的需要，使 得超市企業(yè)對于 MIS建設(shè)有著較大和較深的需求，而物業(yè)信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)及管理信息系統(tǒng)組織與建設(shè)的最終目標(biāo)是為超市企業(yè)現(xiàn)代化管理提供高效、快捷的信息服務(wù)。建設(shè)一個(gè)滿足超市企業(yè)生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營和管理需要的信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)和管理信息系統(tǒng)是十分困難和必要的，其中搞好信息資源的組織、開發(fā)與利用尤為重要。 MIS建設(shè)自身存在的問題，使之不能充分發(fā)揮應(yīng)有的作用。 MIS建設(shè)不能等企業(yè)管理工作完全規(guī)范化以后再進(jìn)行，事實(shí)上，許多企業(yè)都在急切地希望搞好這項(xiàng)工作，但僅僅將程序開發(fā)出來并不等于管理水平的提高。不能脫離實(shí)際工作，單純強(qiáng)調(diào) MIS建設(shè)達(dá)到的水平， 盲目地和其它企業(yè)相比而不顧自身實(shí)際、期望通過一次開發(fā)就達(dá)到很高的水平往往會(huì)走彎路。事實(shí)上，管理水平上不去， MIS也不可能上去。 MIS建設(shè)在管理工作中發(fā)揮了應(yīng)有的作用，還可以根據(jù)工作的需要進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展和升級，就是搞好了這項(xiàng)工作。為此，要注意以下幾個(gè)方面 : (I)做好中長期規(guī)劃。要根據(jù)企業(yè)的實(shí)際情況，合理地安排好 M IS建設(shè)的過程，做好 MIS建設(shè)的中長期規(guī)劃，使 MIS建設(shè)能有一個(gè)由小到大的、穩(wěn)步發(fā)展的過程。 (2)系統(tǒng)的調(diào)整和升級。 MIS的作用不是通過一次開發(fā)工作就能完全發(fā)揮出來的，而是需要通過在實(shí)際工作和 MIS之 間進(jìn)行反復(fù)的調(diào)整才能實(shí)現(xiàn)的。認(rèn)為 MIS建設(shè)像發(fā)電機(jī)組那樣，一次建成后，可以幾十年一直使用下去是錯(cuò)誤的，只滿足于實(shí)現(xiàn)當(dāng)前功能的系統(tǒng)一般難以長期運(yùn)行下去。因此，開發(fā)的系統(tǒng)要能夠方便地進(jìn)行調(diào)整和擴(kuò)充。 (3)采用開發(fā)方法。 MIS建設(shè)涉及的內(nèi)容很多，開發(fā)者往往會(huì)顧此失彼，要注意采用有效的方法，以便能從全局著眼，抓住主要的、本質(zhì)性的問題，以此來帶動(dòng)各方面工作的進(jìn)展。 只有真正做好這些基礎(chǔ)性工作，才能保證 MIS的穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行，并使之充分發(fā)揮作用。這項(xiàng)研究要通過實(shí)際工作來完成，不僅是技術(shù)人員的事情。用戶方面（尤其是主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo) )要對 MIS建設(shè)有一定的認(rèn)識(shí)，并能有效地組織開發(fā)工作，對于保證開發(fā)研究工作的成功是很重要的，同時(shí)，殷切希望有關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、專家和從事 M IS開發(fā)研究的同行們積極參與，給予大力的支持和幫助 [15]。 參考文獻(xiàn) [1] 安忠，管理信息系統(tǒng)，中國鐵道出版社 [M]， 1997年 [2] 魏軍，管理信息系統(tǒng)，國防工業(yè)出版社 [M]， 1999年 [3] 甘仞初，信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)，經(jīng)濟(jì)科學(xué)出版社 [M]， 1996年 [4] 陳禹，信息系統(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(jì)，電子工業(yè)出版社 [M]， 1986年 [5]（美） REX BLACK 著，天宏工作室譯，測試 流程管理 [M]，北京大學(xué)出版社， 2021年 [6] (美 ) Joho ,Edward Whalen,Marcilia 著，北京超品計(jì)算機(jī)有限責(zé)任公司譯。 Microsoft SQl 系統(tǒng)管理員手冊 [M],人民郵電出版社， 2021年 [7] 李冕 ,等 ， 數(shù)據(jù)庫中間件在一般企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用 [J]， 計(jì)算機(jī)工程與 用 ,2021 , (14) [8] 鮑劍洋 ,吳文清 ， 通過 CORBA 規(guī)范訪問數(shù)據(jù)庫的方法和途徑 [J]， 計(jì)算機(jī)工程 用 ,2021 [9] 楊芙清 、 梅宏 、 李克勤 ， 軟件復(fù)用與軟件構(gòu)件技術(shù) [J],電子學(xué)報(bào)， 1999： (2) [10] 齊治昌 、 譚慶平 、 寧洪 ， 軟件工程 [M]， 高等教育出版社， 1997年 [11] 伍俊良，管理信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)與應(yīng)用 [M]，科學(xué)出版社， 1997年 [12] 李戈， MIS系統(tǒng)開發(fā)項(xiàng)目管理 [M],水利水電出版社， 2021年 [13] 吳迪，企業(yè)管理信息系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ) [M]，清華大學(xué)出版社， 1997年 [14] 覃 征 ， 電子商務(wù)導(dǎo)論 [M]， 人民郵電出版社 [15] 蕢志華 ， 管理信息系統(tǒng) [M]， 世界圖書出版社 . 致 謝 衷心 感謝這幾個(gè)月來畢如田老師對我的悉心指導(dǎo)和不倦的教誨，使我學(xué)到了許多的知識(shí)掌握了很多的專業(yè)技能。再次感謝老師和同學(xué)們對我一如既往的支持。 r, but fainter now and desperately the horn was blow ing. Fierce and shrill rose the yells of the Orcs, and suddenly the horncalls ceased. Aragorn raced down the last slope, but before he could reach the hill39。s foot, the sounds died away。 and as he turned to the left and ran towards them they retreated, until at last he could hear the m no more. Drawing his bright sword and crying _Elendil! Elendil!_ he crashed through the trees. A mile, maybe, from Parth Galen in a little glade not far from the la ke he found Boromir. He was sitting with his back to a great tree, as if he was resting. But Aragorn saw that he was pierced with many blackfeathered arrows。 his sword was still in his hand, but it was broken near the hilt。 his horn cloven in two was at his side. Many Orcs lay slain, piled all about him and at his feet. Aragorn knelt beside him. Boromir opened his eyes and strove to speak. At last slow words came. 39。I tried to ta ke the Ring from Frodo 39。 he said. 39。I am sorry. I have paid.39。 His glance strayed to his fallen enemies。 twenty at least lay there. 39。They have gone: the Halflings: the Orcs have taken them. I think they are not dead. Orcs bound them.39。 He paused and his eyes closed wearily. After a moment he spoke again. 39。Farewell, Aragorn! Go to Minas Tirith and save my people! I have failed.39。 39。No!39。 said Aragorn, taking his hand and kissing his brow. 39。You have conquered. Few have gained such a victory. Be at peace! Minas Tirith shall not fall!39。 Boromir smiled. 39。Which way did they go? Was Frodo there?39。 said Aragorn. But Boromir did not speak again. 39。Alas!39。 said Aragorn. 39。Thus passes the heir of Dehor, L ord of the Tower of Guard! This is a bitter end. Now the Company is all in ruin. It is I that have fai led. Vain was Gandalf39。s trust in me. What shall I do now? Boromir has laid it on me to go to Minas Tirith, and my heart desires it。 but where are the Ring and the Bearer? How shall I find them and save the Quest from disaster?39。 He knelt for a while, bent with weeping, still clasping Boromir39。s hand. So it was that Legolas and Gimli found him. They came from the western slopes of the hill, silently, creeping through the trees as if they were hunting. G imli had his axe in hand, and Legolas his long knife: all his arrows were spent. When they came into the glade they halted in amazement。 and then they stood a moment with heads bowed in grief, for it seemed to them plain what had happened. 39。Alas!39。 said Legolas, ing to Aragorn39。s side. 39。We have hunted and slain many Orcs in the woods, but we should have been of more use here. We came when we heard the hornbut too late, it seems. I fear you have taken deadly hurt.39。 39。Boromir is dead,39。 said Aragorn. 39。I am unscathed, for I was not here with him. He fell defending the hobbits, while I was away upon the hill.39。 39。The hobbits!39。 cried Gimli 39。Where are they then? Where is Frodo?39。 39。I do not know,39。 answered Aragorn wearily. 39。Before he died Boromir told me that the Orcs had bound them。 he did not think tha t they were dead. I sent him to follow Merry and Pippin。 but I did not ask him if Frodo or Sam were with him: not until it was too late. All that I have done today has gone amiss. What is to be done now?39。 39。First we must tend the fallen,39。 said Legolas. 39。We cannot leave him lying like carrion among these foul Orcs.39。 39。But we must be swift,39。 said Gimli. 39。He would not wish us to linger. We must follow the Orcs, if there is hope that any of our Company are living prisoners.39。 39。But we do not know whether the Ringbearer is with them or not 39。 said Aragorn. 39。Are we to abandon him? Must we not seek him first? An evil choice is now before us!39。 39。Then let us do first what we must do,39。 said Legolas. 39。We have not the time or the tools to bury our rade fitly, or to r aise a mound over him. A cairn we might build.39。 39。The labour would be hard and long