【導(dǎo)讀】行了為期三個(gè)星期的畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)。畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)是本科全程教學(xué)計(jì)劃中的一項(xiàng)重。要組成部分，是培養(yǎng)我們實(shí)踐能力的重要環(huán)節(jié)。在實(shí)習(xí)的過(guò)程中，我學(xué)到。工作打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。我們主要在六，七號(hào)樓觀看了混凝土澆筑和養(yǎng)護(hù)的施工過(guò)。程并學(xué)習(xí)和掌握它們的施工方法和程序。下，請(qǐng)老師審核指正。現(xiàn)在板下皮居多，個(gè)別上下貫通。房屋較長(zhǎng)時(shí)未設(shè)置伸縮縫，在薄弱環(huán)節(jié)產(chǎn)生收縮裂縫。溫度變化引起的變形為,37℃的溫度變化每收縮。國(guó)內(nèi)有人認(rèn)為40m長(zhǎng)的樓板因硬化凝固產(chǎn)生的縱。樓板雙向受力，按單向板配筋，引起裂縫。常發(fā)生在梁板交接處。樓板，第二天即上磚、走車(chē)，造成早期混凝土受損。角部負(fù)筋雙向配置，單向板也四面均配置負(fù)筋。內(nèi)不能保證混凝土處于連續(xù)濕潤(rùn)狀態(tài)，達(dá)不到應(yīng)有的養(yǎng)護(hù)效果。對(duì)墻肢起到一定的約束作用，改善墻肢的受力狀態(tài)。

　　

【正文】 se engineers build water and wastewaters treatment plants, and design air scrubbers and other devices to minimize or eliminate air pollution caused by industrial processes, incineration, or other smokeproducing activities. They also work to control toxic and hazardous wastes through the construction of special dump sites or the neutralizing of toxic and hazardous substances. In addition the engineers design and manage sanitary landfills to prevent pollution of surrounding land. Transportation engineering Civil engineers working in this specialty build facilities to ensure safe and efficient movement of both people and goods. They specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets, mass transit systems, railroads and airfields ports and harbors. Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as well as consideration of the economic, political, and social factors in designing each project. They work closely with urban planners since the quality of the munity is directly related to the quality of the transportation system. Pipeline engineering In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities, which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries (mixed coal and water) and semi liquids wastes, to water, oil and various types pf highly bustible and nonbustible gases. The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse, the type pf materials to be usedsteel, concrete, plastic, or binations of various materials, installation techniques, methods for testing pipeline strength, and controls for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transported. When hazardous materials are being carried, safety is a major consideration as well. Construction engineering Civil engineers in this field oversee the 4 construction of a project from beginning to end. Sometimes called project engineers, they apply both technical and managerial skills, including knowledge of construction methods, planning, anizing, financing, and operating construction projects. They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work: the surveyors, workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps, excavate for the foundation, build the forms and pour the concrete。 and workers who build the steel framework. These engineers also make regular progress reports to the owners of the structure. Construction is a plicated process on almost all engineering projects. It involves scheduling the work and utilizing the equipment and the materials so that coats are kept as low as possible. Safety factor must also be taken into account, since construction can be very dangerous. Many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase. Community and urban planning Those engaged in this area of civil engineering may plan and develop munities within a city, or entire cities. Such planning involves far more than engineering considerations。 environmental, social, and economic factors in the use and development of land and natural resources are also key elements. They evaluate the kinds of facilities needed, including streets and highways, public transportation systems, airports, and recreational and other facilities to ensure social and economic as well as environmental wellbeing. Photogrammetry, surveying, and mapping The civil engineers in this specialty precisely measure the Earth’s surface to obtain reliable information for locating and designing engineering projects. This practice often involves hightechnology methods such as satellite and aerial surveying, and puter processing of photographic imagery. Radio signals from satellites, scanned by laser and sonic beams, are converted to maps to provide very accurate measurements for boring tunnels, building highways and dams, plotting flood control and irrigation projects, locating subsurface geologic formations that may affect a construction project and a host of other building uses. Other specialties Three additional civil engineering specialties that are not entirely within the scope of civil engineering teaching. Engineering research Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is often employed in a laboratory that financed by government or industry. Areas of research 5 connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also the development and testing of new structural materials. Engineering management Many civil engineers choose careers that eventually lead to management. Others are also to start their careers in management positions. The civil engineer manager bines technical knowledge with an ability to anize and coordinate worker power, materials, machinery, and money. These engineers may work in government municipal, county, state, or federal。 in the Corps of Engineers as military or civilian management engineers。 or in semiautonomous regional or city authorities or similar anization. They may also manage private engineering firms ranging in size from a few employees to hundreds. Engineering teaching The civil engineer who chooses a teaching career usually teaches both graduate and undergraduate students in technical specialties. Many teaching civil engineers engage in basic research that eventually leads to technical innovations in construction materials and methods. Many also serve as consultants on engineering projects, or on technical boards and missions associated with major projects. 6 土木工程 土木工程是指對(duì)建成環(huán)境的規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)、建造、管理等一系列活動(dòng)。所謂建成環(huán)境是包括從灌溉、排水系統(tǒng)到火箭發(fā)射設(shè)施等所有根據(jù)科學(xué)原理而建造的建筑。