【導(dǎo)讀】數(shù)據(jù)庫的建立和維護(hù)以及前端應(yīng)用程序的開發(fā)兩個(gè)方面。Access建立起完整性強(qiáng)、安全性好的數(shù)據(jù)庫。而對(duì)于后者選擇了VisualBasic. 作為開發(fā)工具，利用其提供的各種面向?qū)ο蟮拈_發(fā)工具建立了這一系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)是針對(duì)各類學(xué)院或者研究院的項(xiàng)目管理而設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)的。本情況、項(xiàng)目進(jìn)展程度、項(xiàng)目經(jīng)費(fèi)開支、以及科研成果和項(xiàng)目獲獎(jiǎng)情況等。

　　

【正文】 軟件測試的目標(biāo)是為了發(fā)現(xiàn)程序中的錯(cuò)誤而執(zhí)行程序的過程，測試目標(biāo)決定了測試方案的設(shè)計(jì)。按照在設(shè)計(jì)測試用例時(shí)是否涉及到程序的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)，可以把動(dòng)態(tài)測試區(qū)分為白盒測試和黑盒測試兩類技術(shù)。 白盒測試時(shí)，測試者對(duì)被測試程序的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)是清楚的。從程序的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)入手，按照一定的原則（例如每條語句至少執(zhí)行一次，或每條路徑至少執(zhí)行一次，等等）來設(shè)計(jì)測試用例，設(shè)定測試數(shù)據(jù)。 黑盒測試的情況正好相反。此時(shí)，測試者把被測程序看成一個(gè)黑盒，完全用不著關(guān)心程序的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。設(shè)計(jì)測試用例時(shí)，僅以程序的外部功能為根據(jù)。一方面檢查程序能否完成一 切應(yīng)做的事情，另一方面要考慮它能否拒絕一切不應(yīng)該做的事情。 該系統(tǒng)的測試主要采用上述測試方法中的“白盒測試”，通過 VB 中的逐語句、逐過程、設(shè)置斷點(diǎn)等方法進(jìn)行。例如，采用程序中的設(shè)置斷點(diǎn)法，進(jìn)行斷點(diǎn)測試，逐步縮小范圍并最終找到問題的解。在編寫的過程中一邊編寫一邊進(jìn)行測試，發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤立刻更正盡量使模塊功能更貼近用戶。為了使系統(tǒng)能夠穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行，又對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了有針對(duì)性的全面測試，采取的方式是： ：為了保證每一項(xiàng)下拉菜單能夠正確實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的功能，需要把有關(guān)課題項(xiàng)目的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)，包括項(xiàng)目的基本信息、進(jìn)展情況、 經(jīng)費(fèi)情況、學(xué)術(shù)論文、著作、獲獎(jiǎng)情況等所有信息都輸入到系統(tǒng)中，并對(duì)每一個(gè)菜單反復(fù)進(jìn)行增加、刪除、修改、存盤等操作，從而保證了菜單級(jí)功能的正確實(shí)現(xiàn)。 ：完成菜單項(xiàng)測試后，再對(duì)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的每一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行跟蹤。例如：針對(duì)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)費(fèi)管理這一項(xiàng)，首先將某項(xiàng)目的概況錄入到系統(tǒng)中，然后跟蹤這一錄入的數(shù)據(jù)，打開經(jīng)費(fèi)管理的窗口，找到事先錄入的某項(xiàng)目名稱，再進(jìn)行經(jīng)費(fèi)的分配與計(jì)算。經(jīng)過系統(tǒng)測試并修改之后，課題項(xiàng)目進(jìn)程管理系統(tǒng)基本上完成了在任務(wù)書中所要求的功能。 總結(jié) 在本系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)之初，我首先熟悉 了一下數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)工具和我將要使用的開發(fā)語言，然后按照軟件工程生存周期的瀑布模型，即通過軟件需求分析，系統(tǒng)總體設(shè)計(jì)，系統(tǒng)詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)，編碼及測試等步驟，分階段地完成了我的系統(tǒng)開發(fā)。 在需求分析階段，我向?qū)W校及礦院的科研處了解到課題項(xiàng)目進(jìn)程管理的步驟，并查看了學(xué)?？蒲刑幍木W(wǎng)頁，搜集了一些相關(guān)資料。接下來，使用結(jié)構(gòu)化的分析方法（ SA, Structured Analysis）畫出系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)流圖，編寫相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)字典，為下一步的軟件設(shè)計(jì)奠定了良好基礎(chǔ)。 在進(jìn)行總體設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，首先分析系統(tǒng)將要實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能，然后設(shè)計(jì)出系統(tǒng)的功能模塊 ，畫出功能模塊圖。且建立了系統(tǒng)的概念模型，使用 ER圖表示，并列出系統(tǒng)關(guān)系模型的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)。而在系統(tǒng)的詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)階段，我進(jìn)一步對(duì)各個(gè)模塊功能的具體實(shí)現(xiàn)進(jìn)行了分析，并設(shè)計(jì)出窗體界面。我選擇 Visual Basic 語言進(jìn)行編碼，使用 VB 本身自帶的 Access 數(shù)據(jù)庫，訪問的是 Jet 數(shù)據(jù)庫類型，即數(shù)據(jù)庫由 Jet引擎直接生成和操作。在編碼和測試的過程中，遇到了很多問題和困難，但通過老師和同學(xué)的幫助，終于渡過了難關(guān)。 這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)使我深深體會(huì)到了軟件工程方法的重要性，讓我從以前對(duì)軟件工程的理論認(rèn)識(shí)，上升到了對(duì)它的具體實(shí)踐 。這也讓我學(xué)會(huì)了一種解決問題的方法，從總體考慮，從基礎(chǔ)著手，然后才能逐步展開，具體解決，否則自己的思維將凌亂無緒，而所設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)也將毫無實(shí)際意義。 再者，系統(tǒng)開發(fā)中要進(jìn)行大量的編碼，這毫無疑問也要從整體考慮，否則將前功盡棄。而且要盡量編寫過程函數(shù)，以簡化程序，提高編程效率。我在開始編碼時(shí)，忽視了這一點(diǎn)，因而總是從頭再來，浪費(fèi)了很多時(shí)間，也因此得到教訓(xùn)而積累了經(jīng)驗(yàn)。希望自己能夠?qū)⑺鶎W(xué)的知識(shí)和總結(jié)的方法予以實(shí)踐，為將來走上工作崗位打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。 致謝 短短幾個(gè)月過去了，緊張的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)即將結(jié)束 ，在大學(xué)里的最后一項(xiàng)學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)也即將完成。當(dāng)把學(xué)位論文成功完成，并裝訂后，頓時(shí)感到一種收獲的喜悅。它不僅是我大學(xué)里最后一份答卷，而且是我三個(gè)多月的學(xué)習(xí)與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合的成果。 四個(gè)月來，由開始拿到課題時(shí)的茫然，到現(xiàn)在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)的圓滿完成，其中有我的不懈努力，也包含著許多老師和同學(xué)的無私幫助。在此，特別向熱心指導(dǎo)、關(guān)心我本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)及論文的吳曼老師表達(dá)我由衷的敬意，并致以最真摯的感謝。吳老師不遺余力的盡心指導(dǎo)，解決疑難，令我深感敬佩。 另外，要感謝在這次畢業(yè)論文撰寫中許多同學(xué)對(duì)我的幫助，讓我能夠及時(shí)地理解 疑難問題。也真摯的感謝計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)院的老師的幫助，感謝圖書館的老師和計(jì)算機(jī)中心的老師辛勤工作，使我有一個(gè)很好的環(huán)境完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)及論文。最后，還要深深感謝在即將進(jìn)行的畢業(yè)答辯中各位評(píng)審老師的辛勤工作。 主要參考文獻(xiàn) 1 劉瑞新，李樹東，萬朝陽 . Visual Basic 程序設(shè)計(jì)教程 . 北京：電子工業(yè)出版社， 2021 年 3月 2 盧毅 . Visual Basic 6 數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)例導(dǎo)航 . 北京：科學(xué)出版社， 2021年 3 伍俊良 . 管理信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)與應(yīng)用 . 北京 ：科學(xué)出版社， 1999 年 4 薛華成 . 管理信息系統(tǒng) . 北京：清華大學(xué)出版社， 2021 年 5 Ian ： China Machine 6 史濟(jì)民 . 軟件工程原理、方法與應(yīng)用 . 北京：高等教育出版社， 2021 年 1 月 7 協(xié)同教育微軟 ATC 教材編譯室 . Access 2021 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)培訓(xùn)教程 . 北京：電子工業(yè)出版社， 2021 年 1 月 8 薩師煊，王珊 . 數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)概論 . 北京：高等教育出版社 . 2021 年 5月 9 Michael Mckelvy. Visual Basic Study Guide. Beijing： Publishing House of Electronics Industry. 1999 t was not until midafternoon that the inspector ambled up on his pony. My father pulled himself together, and went out to receive him 。 the effort to be even formally polite nearly strangled him. Even then the inspector was not brisk. He dis mounted in a leisurely fashion, and strolled into the house, chatting about the weather. Father, red in the face, handed him over to Mary who took h im along to mother39。s room. Then followed the worst wait of all. Mary said afterwards that he hummed and ha39。d for an unconscionable time while he examined the baby in minutest detail. At last, however, he emerged, with an expressionless face. In the littleused sittingroom he sat down at the table and fussed for a while about getting a good point on his quill. At last he took a form from his pouch, and in a slow, deliberate hand wrote that he officially found the child to be a true female human being, free from any detectable form of deviation. He regarded that thoughtfully for some moments, as though not perfectly satisfied. H e let his hand hesitate before he actually dated and signed it, then he sanded it carefully, and handed it to my enraged father, still with a faint air of uncertainty. He had, of course, no real doubt in his mind, or he would have called for another opinion。 my father was perfectly well aware of that, too. At last Petra39。s existence could be admitted. I was formally told that I had a new sister, and presently I was taken to see her where she lay in a crib beside my mother39。s bed. She looked so pink and wrinkled to me that I did not see how the inspector could have been quite sure about her. How ever, there was nothing obviously wrong with her, so she had got her certificate. Nobody could blame the inspector for that。 she did appear to be as normal as a newborn baby ever looks. ... While we were taking turns to look at her somebody started to ring the stable bell in the customary way. Eve ryone on the farm stopped work, and very soon we were all assembled in the kitchen for prayers of thanksgiving. Two, or it may have been three, days after Petra was born I happened upon a piece of my family39。s history that I would prefer not to have known. I was sitting quietly in the room next to my parents39。 bedroom where my mother still lay in bed. It was a matter of chance, and strategy, too. It was the latest place that I had found to stay hidden awhile after the midday meal until the coast was clear and I could slip away without being given an afternoon job。 so far, nobody had thought of looking there for me. It was simply a matter of putting in half an hour or so. Normally the room was very convenient, though just at present its use required caution be cause the wattle wall between the rooms was cracked and I had to move very cautiously on tiptoe lest my mother should hear me. On that particular day I was just thinking that I had allowed nearly enough time for people to be busy again when a twowheeled trap drove up. As it passed the w indow I had a glimpse of my Aunt Harriet holding the reins. I had only seen her some eight or nine times, for she lived fifteen miles away in the Kentak direction, but what I knew of her I liked. She was some three years younger than my mother