生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng)--demandcurve-資料下載頁(yè)
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【正文】 A change in the supply of one factor alters the earnings of all the factors. 41 生產(chǎn)要素之間的聯(lián)系 Linkages Among the Factors of Production 任何一種要素收入的變化 ，都可以通過分析某一事件對(duì)其邊際產(chǎn)值的影響來發(fā)現(xiàn)。 A change in earnings of any factor can be found by analyzing the impact of the event on the value of the marginal product of that factor. 42 黑死病的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) The Economics of the Black Death ?14世紀(jì)的歐洲，鼠疫的流行在短短幾年內(nèi)奪去了大約三分之一人口的生命。 In fourteenthcentury Europe, the bubonic plague wiped out about onethird of the population within a few years. ?這一被稱為黑死病的事件，為檢驗(yàn)我們剛剛提出的要素市場(chǎng)理論提供了一個(gè)可怕的自然實(shí)驗(yàn)。 This event, called the Black Death, provide a grisly natural experiment to test the theory of factor markets that we have just developed. 43 黑死病的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) The Economics of the Black Death ? 勞動(dòng)供給的下降導(dǎo)致勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量增加，這導(dǎo)致工資的上升。 With a smaller supply of workers, the marginal product of labor rose, which raised wages. ? 由于可用于耕種土地的工人少了，土地的邊際產(chǎn)量下降，這導(dǎo)致地租的下降。 With fewer workers available to farm the land, the marginal product of land fell, which lowered rents. ? 黑死病給農(nóng)民階級(jí)帶來了經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮，而減少了地主階級(jí)的收入。 The Black Death led to economic prosperity for the peasant classes and reduced ine for the landed classes. 44 總結(jié) Summary ? 經(jīng)濟(jì)的收入是在生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng)上分配的。三種最重要的生產(chǎn)要素是勞動(dòng)、土地和資本。 The economy’s ine is distributed in the markets for the factors of three most important factors of production are labor, land, and capital. ? 要素需求，例如勞動(dòng)需求，是一種派生需求，它產(chǎn)生于用這些要素生產(chǎn)物品與服務(wù)的企業(yè)。 The demand for factors, such as labor, is a derived demand that es from firms that use the factors to produce goods and services. ? 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的、利潤(rùn)最大化的企業(yè)使用每一種要素，都要達(dá)到該要素的邊際產(chǎn)值等于其價(jià)格這一點(diǎn)。 Competitive, profitmaximizing firms hire each factor up to the point at which the value of the marginal product of the factor equals its price. 45 總結(jié) Summary ?勞動(dòng)的供給產(chǎn)生于個(gè)人工作和閑暇的權(quán)衡 The supply of labor arises from individuals’ tradeoff between work and leisure. ?向上傾斜的勞動(dòng)供給曲線意味著，人們對(duì)工資上升的反應(yīng)是享受更少閑暇和工作更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。 An upwardsloping labor supply curve means that people respond to an increase in the wage by enjoying less leisure and working more hours. 46 總結(jié) Summary ? 支付給每種生產(chǎn)要素的價(jià)格調(diào)節(jié)使得該要素的供求平衡。 The price paid to each factor adjusts to balance the supply and demand for that factor. ? 由于要素需求反映了那種要素的邊際產(chǎn)值，在均衡時(shí)每種要素根據(jù)其對(duì)物品生產(chǎn)的邊際貢獻(xiàn)得到報(bào)酬。 Because factor demand reflects the value of the marginal product of that factor, in equilibrium each factor is pensated according to its marginal contribution to the production of goods and services. 47 總結(jié) Summary ?由于生產(chǎn)要素是同時(shí)使用的，所以任何一種生產(chǎn)要素的邊際產(chǎn)量都取決于可以得到的所有要素量 Because factors of production are used together, the marginal product of any one factor depends on the quantities of all factors that are available. ?結(jié)果，一種要素供給的變動(dòng)將改變所有要素的均衡收入。 As a result, a change in the supply of one factor alters the equilibrium earnings of all the factors. 48 演講完畢，謝謝觀看！
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