【正文】 　Let’s look at this 1 in more detail because it is language, more than anything else, 2 distinguishes man from the rest of the 3 world. 　　Other animals, it is true, municate with one another by 4 of cries: for example, many birds utter 5 calls at the approach of danger。 monkeys utter 6 cries, such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure. 7 these various means of munication differ in important ways 8 human language. For instance, animals’ cries do not 9 thoughts and feelings clearly. This means, basically, that they lack structure. They lack the kind of structure that 10 us to divide a human utterance into 11 . 　　We can change an utterance by 12 one word in it with 13:　　 a good illustration of this is a soldier who can say, ., “tanks approaching from the north”,１4　　 who can change one word and say “aircraft approaching from the north” or “tanks approaching from the west”。 but a bird has a single alarm cry, １5 　means “danger!” 　　This is why the number of １６that an animal can make is very limited: the great tit (山雀) is a case １７ point。 it has about twenty different calls,１８in human language the number of possible utterances is １9　　. It also explains why animal cries are very ２0 　in meaning. 　　 B. 　　 B. 　　 B. humanC. physicalD. animal 　　 B. meansC. methodsD. approaches 　　 B. excitingC. warningD. boring 　　 B. similarC. differentD. unfamiliar 　　 . AfterwardsD. Furthermore 　　 B. withC. fromD. in 　　 B. explainC. interpretD. express 　　. encourages B. enablesC. enforcesD. ensures 　　 B. soundsC. 　　. replacingB. spellingC. 　　 B. theirsC. anotherD. others 　　 B. andC. 　　 　　 　　 . of 　　 B. sinceC. 　　 B. changeableC. limitlessD. ceaseless 　　 B. alikeC. monD. general It’s an annual backtoschool routine. One morning you wave goodbye, and that 1 evening you’re burning the latenight oil in sympathy. In the race to improve educational standards, 2 are throwing the books at kids. 3 elementary school students are plaining of homework 4 . What’s a wellmeaning parent to do? 　　As hard as 5 may be, sit back and chill, experts advise. Though you’ve got to get them to do it, 6 helping too much, or even examining 7 too carefully, you may keep them 8 doing it by themselves. “I wouldn’t advise a parent to check every 9 assignment,” says psychologist John Rosemond, author of Ending the Tough Homework. “There’s a 10 of appreciation for trial and error. Let your children 11 the grade they deserve.” 　　Many experts believe parents should gently look over the work of younger children and ask them to rethink their 12 . But “you don’t want them to feel it has to be 13 ,” she says. 　　That’s not to say parents should 14 homework—first, they should monitor how much homework their kids 15 . Thirty minutes a day in the early elementary years and an hour in 16 four, five, and six is standard, says Rosemond. For juniorhigh students it should be “ 17 more than an hour and a half,” and two for highschool students. If your child 18 has more homework than this, you may want to check 19 other parents and then talk to the teacher about 20 assignment. 　　 B. exactC. rightD. usual 　　 B. parentsC. expertsD. schools 　　 B. EvenC. ThenD. However 　　 B. confusionC. dutyD. puzzle 　　 B. weC. theyD. it 　　 B. underC. byD. for 　　 B. answersC. standardsD. rules 　　 B. withoutC. beyondD. from 　　 B. pieceC. pageD. other 　　 B. shortC. cutD. lack 　　 B. earnC. gatherD. reach 　 B. defectsC. mistakesD. tests 　　 B. betterC. unusualD. plete 　　 B. refuseC. missD. ignore 　　 B. prepareC. makeD. perform 　　 B. groupsC. gradesD. terms 　　 B. noC. muchD. few 　　 B. rarelyC. merelyD. consistently 　　 B. inC. outD. up 　 B. loweringC. reducingD. declining From childhood to old age, we all use language as a means of broadening our knowledge of ourselves and the world about us. When humans first 1 , they were like newborn children, unable to use this 2 tool. Yet once language developed, the possibilities for human kind‘s future 3 and cultural growth increased.　　Many linguists believe that evolution is 4 for our ability to produce and use language. They 5 that our highly evolved brain provides us 6 an innate language ability not found in lower 7 . Proponents of this innateness theory say that our 8 for language is inborn, but that language itself develops gradually, 9 a function of the growth of the brain during childhood. Therefore there are critical 10 times for language development.　　Current 11 of innateness theory are mixed, however, evidence supporting the existence of some innate abilities is undeniable. 12 , more and more schools are discovering that foreign languages are best taught in 13 grades. Young children often can learn several languages by being 14 to them, while adults have a much harder time learning another language once the 15 of their first language have bee firmly fixed.　　16 some aspects of language are undeniably innate, language does not develop automatically in a vacuum. Children who have been 17 from other human beings do not possess language. This demonstrates that 18 with other human beings is necessary for proper language development. Some linguists believe that this is even more basic to human language 19 than any innate capacities. These theorists view language as imitative, learned behavior. 20 , children learn language from their parents by imitating them. Parents gradually shape their child39。s language skills by positively reinforcing precise imitations and negatively reinforcing imprecise ones.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 a a other words　　 　　　　　　 a other all