公共資源的悲劇(hardin-英漢對照)-資料下載頁
2025-08-04 13:59本頁面
【正文】 nsequences of this behavior are acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and the erosion of the earth39。s protective ozone layer. Industries and even nations are apt to regard the cleansing of industrial discharges as prohibitively expensive. The oceans are also treated as a mon dump. Yet continuing to defend the freedom to pollute will ultimately lead to ruin for all. Nations are just beginning to evolve controls to limit this damage.即使認識到了公共資源的缺陷，仍有難以改革的領(lǐng)域。無人擁有地球大氣。所以，它被當作了公共垃圾場，每個人都可以傾倒廢物。這類行為的有害后果是酸雨、溫室效應(yīng)和保護地球臭氧層免遭腐蝕。一些產(chǎn)業(yè)乃至國家都傾向于認為，工業(yè)排放物的清潔成本太高。海洋也被當作公共垃圾場。然而，繼續(xù)為污染的自由進行辯護將最終導致全體毀滅。一些國家剛剛已經(jīng)開始限制這個破壞。The tragedy of the mons also has arisen in the savings and loan crisis. The federal government created this tragedy by forming the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation. FSLIC relieved Samp。L depositors of worry about their money by guaranteeing that it would use taxpayers39。 money to repay them if an Samp。L went broke. In effect, the government made the taxpayers39。 money into a mons that Samp。Ls and their depositors could exploit. Samp。Ls had the incentive to make overly risky investments, and depositors did not have to care because they did not bear the cost. This, bined with faltering federal surveillance of the Samp。Ls, led to widespread failures. The losses were monized among the nation39。s taxpayers, with serious consequences to the federal budget.公共資源的悲劇還出現(xiàn)在儲蓄和貸款危機之中。通過建立聯(lián)邦儲蓄和貸款保險公司，聯(lián)邦政府制造了這個悲劇。如果中小金融聯(lián)合會（Samp。Ls）破產(chǎn)，聯(lián)邦儲蓄和貸款保險公司擔保用納稅人的錢償還存款人，從而免除了Samp。L存款人的擔心。事實上，政府把納稅人的錢變成了Samp。Ls和它們的存款人都可以利用的公共資源。Samp。Ls有進行風險過高的投資的動機，存款人也無須擔心，因為他們并不承擔這么做的代價。加之聯(lián)邦政府對Samp。Ls監(jiān)管不力，這造成了普遍的破產(chǎn)。損失由這個國家的納稅人共同承擔，給聯(lián)邦預算帶來了嚴重后果。Congestion on public roads that don39。t charge tolls is another example of a governmentcreated tragedy of the mons. If roads were privately owned, owners would charge tolls and people would take the toll into account in deciding whether to use them. Owners of private roads would probably also engage in what is called peakload pricing, charging higher prices during times of peak demand and lower prices at other times. But because governments own roads that they finance with tax dollars, they normally do not charge tolls. The government makes roads into a mons. The result is congestion.不收費的公路上的擁擠是政府制造的另一例公共資源悲劇。如果道路是私有的，所有者就會收費，人們就會在是否使用它們的決策中把費用考慮進去。私有道路的所有者還可能執(zhí)行所謂的高峰定價，在需求高峰期收取較高的價格，在其他時間收取較低的價格。但是，因為政府擁有的是用納稅人的錢修建的道路，它們通常不收費。政府把道路變成了公共資源。wwy 第 5 頁 202281
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