【正文】 and, both…and, not only…but(also), as well as, and …as well, neither…nor　　表示選擇: or, either…or　　表示轉(zhuǎn)折: but, while, whereas, yet, however/nevertheless(也可認為是副詞)　　表示因果: for, so, therefore, hence　　從屬連詞　　表示時間: when, while, as, after, before, since, until(till), as soon as, once　　表示原因: because, as, since, now that, seeing that　　表示條件: if, unless, in case, provided(that), suppose, as long as, on condition (that),　　表示其他關(guān)系: (al)though, than, as/so…as, lest, in order that, so…that　?、?定語從句　　限制和非限制性定語從句: 限制性定語從句是名詞詞組不可缺少的一個組成部分, 去掉了會造成病句或意義不明確。 非限制性定語從句屬于補充說明性質(zhì), 去掉了不會影響主要意義, 通常用逗號與它的先行詞分開.　　The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.　　The boys, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained.　　如果定語從句的先行詞是專有名詞, 或是帶有形容詞性物主代詞(my, his, etc)或形容詞性指示代詞(this, that, etc)作限定詞, 其后的定語從句通常都是非限制性的:　　Mary Smith, who is in the corner, wants to meet you.　　Her mother, who had long suffered form arthritis, died last night.　　All these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the postgraduates.　　在非限制性定語從句中只能用who/whom指人, 用which指物,通常不用that替代.　　My father, who had been on a visit to America, returned yesterday.　　All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the little girl.　　定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞　　that, who, whom: 非限制性定語從句, 如果修飾人, 一般用who, 有時用that (作主語時用who較多). 如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語, 就應(yīng)當用賓格 whom 或that, 但在大多數(shù)情況下都可以省略掉, 在口語中可用who代替whom.　　Here is the man (whom) you’ve been looking for.　　He is a man (that) you can safely depend on.　　The people (who/that) you were talking to were Swedes.　　There are some people here who I want you to meet.　　但在介詞后只能用whom:　　This is the man to whom I referred.　　但在口語中一般都把介詞放到句子后面去, 這時可用that, 但省略時更多一些.　　Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?　　Have you met the person (that) he was speaking about　　The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.　　The girl (who/that) I spoke to is my cousin.　　限制性定語從句如果修飾“物”, 用關(guān)系代詞that的時候較多, 也有時用which.. 當這個代詞在從句中是用作賓語時, 在絕大多數(shù)情況下都是省略的, 特別是口語中(尤其是當被修飾的詞是all, everything等詞時):　　Have you everything you need?　　(Is there) anything I can do for you?　　All you have to do is to press the button.分詞: Housed in the Cultural Palace are a library, an auditorium and recreation rooms.　　Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zink.　　Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 17.　　Standing beside the table was an interpreter.　　6) 句首狀語若由 only + 副詞, only + 介詞詞組, only + 狀語從句構(gòu)成, 引起局部倒裝:　　Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.　　Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.　　Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.　　有not only開頭的句子或分句, 往往引起局部倒裝:　　Not only did he plain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.　　Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadn’t done a very good repair job either.　　Ⅷ 比較級和最高級　　無比較級和最高級的形容詞及副詞: plete, perfect, utter, etc　　比較從句　　as…as, almost/just/nearly as…as, not so/as …as:　　We’ll give you as much help as we can.　　I haven’t made as much progress as I should.　　We’ve produced twice as much cotton this year as we did ten years ago.　　My mand of English is not half so (as) good as yours.　　than, so much/a lot more than, no more… than, not more…than, less than　　more…than, less…than可表示“與其說…不如說…”:　　He is more good than bad.　　He was less hurt than frightened.　　The present crisis in capitalist countries is much more a political than an economic crisis.　　“no + 形容詞或副詞比較級 + than”所表示的可以是該形容詞或副詞的相反的含義:　　no rich than = as poor as　　no bigger than = as small as　　no later than = as early as　　John is no better than Tom.　　I have taken no more than six courses this semester.　　the more… the more (越是…就越…)　　Actually, the busier he is, the happier he feels.　　The more they talked, the more encouraged they felt.　　more of a, as much of a, less of a, etc: 當as much of a…as, more/less of a …than等結(jié)構(gòu)與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配時, 名詞只能置于比較結(jié)構(gòu)中間.　　He is more of a sportsman than his brother.　?、?名詞性從句: 名詞性從句包括主語從句, 賓語從句, 表語從句, 同位語從句.　　主語從句有三類:　　由what等代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句: what表示“…所…的(東西)”, 在結(jié)構(gòu)上等于一個名詞加一個定語從句。 whatever表示“所…的一切”。 whoever表示“一切…的人”.　　What you need is more practice　　What is hard is to do good all one’s life and never do anything bad.　　Whatever was said here must be kept secret.　　Whatever I have is at your service.　　Whoever es will be wele.　　Whoever fails to see this will make a big blunder.由連詞that引起的主語從句: 這類主語從句在大多數(shù)情況下都放到句子后部去, 而用代詞it做形式上的主語:　　That we need more equipment is quite obvious.　　It is impossible that I may not able to e.　　It doesn’t seem likely that she will be here.　　在口語中連詞that有時可以省略掉:　　It’s good you’re so considerate.　　It’s a pity you missed such a fine talk.　　由連接代詞或連接副詞(或whether)引起的主語從句: 這類主語從句, 也可以放到句子后部去, 前面用it做形式上的主語.　　When we shall have our sports meet is still a question.　　It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet.　　Whether he will join us won’t make too much difference.　　It won’t make too much difference whether he will join us.　　2賓語從句: 和主語從句及表語從句一樣, 賓語從句也有以上三類.　　a) 連接代詞或副詞引導(dǎo)的從句只是在某些動詞后能用作賓語.　　Tell me what you want.　　I just can’t imagine how he could have done such a thing.　　Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate.　　能跟這類賓語從句的常見動詞有: see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, show, discover, discuss, understand, inform, advise等. 這種動詞后也常用whether或if引導(dǎo)的從與作賓語:　　I don’t know whether these figure are accurate.　　I’m wondering if the letter is overweight.　　這種從句有時前面可以有另一個賓語:　　Has she informed you when they are to hold the meeting?　　Please advise me which book I should read first.　　有時這種從句也可用作及詞的賓語:　　Whether that is a good solution depends on how you look at it.　　He was not conscious of what an important discovery he had made.　　I was curious as to what he would say next.　　b) 用that引導(dǎo)的從句作賓語的情形最為普遍, 在很多動詞如boast, say, think, insist, wish, hope, suppose, see, believe, a