【導(dǎo)讀】本文在全面討論車道控制機(jī)技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上，深入研究了其中的控制系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)。從系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的角度出發(fā)，提出了基于plc的控制系統(tǒng)解決方案。通過(guò)組態(tài)軟件“wincc”，設(shè)計(jì)討論了車道控制機(jī)的軟件和硬件及其組態(tài)，并建立了控制機(jī)內(nèi)外控制部分的集成監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)。在分析車道控制系統(tǒng)功能的基礎(chǔ)上，確定了系統(tǒng)的整體結(jié)構(gòu)。通過(guò)組態(tài)軟件與PLC的實(shí)時(shí)通信，實(shí)現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)、自動(dòng)控制和運(yùn)行診斷。本文方案滿足了系統(tǒng)可靠性、穩(wěn)定性和時(shí)效性要求功能，體現(xiàn)了先進(jìn)性和實(shí)用性的統(tǒng)一。車道控制機(jī)則可由不同種類的控制器或控制設(shè)備完成，例如PLC、工控機(jī)、單片機(jī)等。我國(guó)目前尚未對(duì)車道控制機(jī)出臺(tái)專項(xiàng)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但車道控制機(jī)作為高速公路收費(fèi)系統(tǒng)的核心設(shè)備，必須以可靠、穩(wěn)定、高效的系統(tǒng)要求為設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則，從而達(dá)到精確管理車輛的目的。此外WinCC還有對(duì)SIMATICPLC進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)診斷的選項(xiàng)，給硬件維護(hù)提供了方便。1．創(chuàng)新軟件技術(shù)的使用。WinCC是基于最新發(fā)展的軟件

　　

【正文】 消化在更多的銷售量中，并且終端用戶無(wú)需改變其控制結(jié)構(gòu)。汽車自動(dòng)化應(yīng)用就是例證；每年產(chǎn)出數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的元件，且很少終端用戶會(huì)修改這些控制器的程序。但是，一些特殊的汽車，例如運(yùn)輸車使用PLC代替定制型控制器更經(jīng)濟(jì)，因?yàn)槠淙萘啃〔⑶议_發(fā)成本會(huì)不經(jīng)濟(jì)。應(yīng)用在一些非常復(fù)雜的過(guò)程控制，例如化學(xué)工業(yè)時(shí)，可能需要使用較高等的算法和執(zhí)行能力，甚至超過(guò)了高性能PLC的性能所及，高速和高精度控制可能同樣需要用戶定制的解決方案；例如航天器飛行控制器。可編程控制器廣泛的應(yīng)用于運(yùn)動(dòng)控制，定位控制和轉(zhuǎn)矩控制。一些制造商生產(chǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)控制單元，將與PLC的集成，使plc（包括一臺(tái)數(shù)控機(jī)），可用于指導(dǎo)機(jī)器動(dòng)作。{{引文摘要|July 2009}}PLC的可以包含單變量反饋邏輯模擬控制回路，一個(gè)“比例積分微分控制器”或“PID控制器。”例如，一個(gè)PID回路可以用在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的溫度控制上。早期的PLC配置通常只有幾個(gè)模擬控制回路；當(dāng)過(guò)程控制需要成百上千的回路時(shí)，便使用一種分布式控制系統(tǒng)DCS來(lái)替代。但隨著PLC越來(lái)越強(qiáng)大，DCS和PLC應(yīng)用的分界線已經(jīng)越來(lái)越模糊PLC具有RTU 遠(yuǎn)程終端單元的類似的功能，但是，RTU通常不支持控制算法或控制回路。由于硬件迅速變得更強(qiáng)大和更便宜，遠(yuǎn)程終端單元|RTU，PLC和[[分布式控制系統(tǒng)| DCS系統(tǒng)]]開始越來(lái)越多地重疊部分職責(zé)，并且許多廠商銷售與PLC具有相似的功能的RTUs，反之亦然。該行業(yè)的IEC 611313創(chuàng)建方案，運(yùn)行在電大和PLC功能塊語(yǔ)言規(guī)范，雖然幾乎所有的廠商還提供專有的替代品和相關(guān)的開發(fā)環(huán)境。該行業(yè)出臺(tái)了[IEC 611313]將運(yùn)行RTU和PLC的功能塊編程語(yǔ)言規(guī)范化，雖然幾乎所有的廠商還提供專有的備選方案和兼容的開發(fā)環(huán)境。電氣工程，通常被稱為電氣和電子工程（電器和電子設(shè)備），是指一般涉及電力，電子，電磁學(xué)的研究和應(yīng)用的工程學(xué)領(lǐng)域。這是一個(gè)非常廣泛的領(lǐng)域，包含了各種電氣和電子系統(tǒng)的研究，如電子電路，發(fā)電機(jī)，電動(dòng)機(jī)，變壓器，磁性元件及材料，電磁和機(jī)電設(shè)備，電子器件，電子電路，電子材料的設(shè)計(jì)和，光纖，光電器件，計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，廣播，電視，電話，電信，無(wú)線，微波系統(tǒng)，移動(dòng)電話，雷達(dá)，數(shù)據(jù)通信，計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，納米技術(shù)，光子學(xué)，微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)等電氣工程可能會(huì)或可能不包括電子工程。其作了這樣的區(qū)分，通常在美國(guó)境外，電氣工程被認(rèn)為是處理與諸如動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)和電機(jī)控制的大型電力系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的問題，然而對(duì)于小規(guī)模的電子系統(tǒng)，包括計(jì)算機(jī)和集成電路，進(jìn)行研究被認(rèn)為是電子工程。此外，電氣工程師通常關(guān)心的是使用電力傳輸能量，而電子工程師關(guān)心的是使用電力傳輸信息。最近，這種區(qū)分已被電力電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展模糊化了19世紀(jì)末期，在電報(bào)和電力供應(yīng)商品化后，該領(lǐng)域首次成為一種獨(dú)立的行業(yè)?，F(xiàn)代電氣工程學(xué)科可以涵蓋一系列小學(xué)科，包括電力，微電子，超大規(guī)模集成電路，納米技術(shù)，控制系統(tǒng)，機(jī)電一體化，機(jī)器人，非線性系統(tǒng)，計(jì)算機(jī)工程，系統(tǒng)的分析，信號(hào)處理，電信，數(shù)據(jù)通信，通信系統(tǒng)，信息理論。 電氣工程師通常擁有一個(gè)主修電氣工程的學(xué)位。修完這個(gè)學(xué)位通常是4到5年，完成后獲得學(xué)位是根據(jù)不同大學(xué)決定的，凡工程學(xué)士，理科學(xué)士，工程技術(shù)學(xué)士或應(yīng)用科學(xué)學(xué)士。一般該學(xué)位涵蓋的學(xué)科有物理，數(shù)學(xué)，計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)，工程管理和電氣工程中特定學(xué)科。首先這些課題涵蓋了大部分，也許不是全部，的電氣工程學(xué)科，然后學(xué)生選擇一個(gè)或多個(gè)專門學(xué)科完成對(duì)電氣工程學(xué)科學(xué)位的攻讀。 一些電器工程師也可以選擇攻讀一個(gè)碩士學(xué)位，如工程碩士/理學(xué)碩士（MEng/MSc），一個(gè)工程管理碩士，一個(gè)工程哲學(xué)博士學(xué)位（PhD），或一個(gè)工程學(xué)博士（EngD），或一個(gè)工程師的學(xué)位。碩士和工程師的學(xué)位包含研究或課程，或二者兼而有之。哲學(xué)博士和工程博士學(xué)位參與重大科技研究，常被看做是進(jìn)入學(xué)術(shù)界的敲門磚。在英國(guó)和其他歐洲國(guó)家不同，工程碩士通常被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)稍長(zhǎng)一點(diǎn)時(shí)間的工程學(xué)士學(xué)位的本科學(xué)位。: PLC and Electrical Engineering (原文) A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital puter used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or lighting fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines. Unlike generalpurpose puters, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in batterybacked or nonvolatile memory. A PLC is an example of a real time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operation will result.PLC pared with other control systems PLCs are welladapted to a range of automation tasks. These are typically industrial processes in manufacturing where the cost of developing and maintaining the automation system is high relative to the total cost of the automation, and where changes to the system would be expected during its operational life. PLCs contain input and output devices patible with industrial pilot devices and controls。 little electrical design is required, and the design problem centers on expressing the desired sequence of operations. PLC applications are typically highly customized systems so the cost of a packaged PLC is low pared to the cost of a specific custombuilt controller design. On the other hand, in the case of massproduced goods, customized control systems are economic due to the lower cost of the ponents, which can be optimally chosen instead of a generic solution, and where the nonrecurring engineering charges are spread over thousands or millions of units.For high volume or very simple fixed automation tasks, different techniques are used. For example, a consumer dishwasher would be controlled by an electromechanical cam timer costing only a few dollars in production quantities.A microcontrollerbased design would be appropriate where hundreds or thousands of units will be produced and so the development cost (design of power supplies, input/output hardware and necessary testing and certification) can be spread over many sales, and where the enduser would not need to alter the control. Automotive applications are an example。 millions of units are built each year, and very few endusers alter the programming of these controllers. However, some specialty vehicles such as transit busses economically use PLCs instead of customdesigned controls, because the volumes are low and the development cost would be uneconomic. Very plex process control, such as used in the chemical industry, may require algorithms and performance beyond the capability of even highperformance PLCs. Very highspeed or precision controls may also require customized solutions。 for example, aircraft flight controlsProgrammable controllers are widely used in motion control, positioning control and torque control. Some manufacturers produce motion control units to be integrated with PLC so that plc (involving a CNC machine) can be used to instruct machine movements.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}PLCs may include logic for singlevariable feedback analog control loop, a Proportion Integration Differentiation or PID controller. A PID loop could be used to control the temperature of a manufacturing process, for example. Historically PLCs were usually configured with only a few analog control loops。 where processes required hundreds or thousands of loops, a distributed control system (DCS) would instead be used. As PLCs have bee more powerful, the boundary between DCS and PLC applications has bee less distinct.PLCs have similar functionality as Remote Terminal Units. An RTU, however, usually does not support control algorithms or control loops. As hardware rapidly bees more powerful and cheaper,Remote Terminal Unit|RTUs, PLCs and Distributed Control System|DCSs are increasingly beginning to overlap in responsibilities, and many vendors sell RTUs with PLClike features and vice versa..The industry has standardized on the IEC 611313 functional block language for creating programs to run on RTUs and PLCs, although nearly all vendors also offer proprietary alternatives and ass