【正文】 d introducing or preparing for sth. more important, introductory, preparatory37. spar: to box without hitting hard, as in practice (between SPARRING PARTNERS) or in testing an opponent39。s defence.argue or dispute (with sb), usu in a friendly way The children are sparring with each other.sparringpartner: person with whom a boxer spars as part of training. person with whom one enjoys frequent, usu friendly, argumentsThey39。ve been sparringpartners ever since they were at school together. 38. drawl: to speak or say slowly with vowels greatly lengtheneddrawl out one’s words39. ignorance: lack of knowledgePoverty, disease and ignorance remain major world problems.If he did wrong, it was from/ through ignorance. We are in plete ignorance of his plans.She is very young, and ignorant of what life really is.They ignored traffic regulations.40. bigot: one who obstinately or intolerantly devoted to his own opinions and prejudices, esp. religious beliefs.One of the marks of a bigot is that he thinks he does a service to God when he persecutes his fellowmen. bigotry: the state of having very strong, unreasonable attitudes and opinions41. rampant: widespread and impossible to control, excessive, used esp. of undesirable conditions, such as crime or disease. Spinal meningitis was rampant in that spring.Theft, robbery, trafficking in narcotics, rural women and children are rampant in some places.Rich soil makes some plants too rampant.Mosquitoes are rampant in the dormitory.42. fagot: a bundle of sticks of firewood43. enlighten: cause to understand, free from ignorance or false beliefs, give more knowledge.Can you enlighten me on this subject?The tour of our country enlightened the foreign visitors on China39。s open policy.work for the enlightenment of mankindthe Enlightenment / the age of Enlightenment in the 18th century44. contaminate: to make impure, bad by mixing with dirty or poisonous matterDon39。t eat the food, it may have been contaminated by the flies.The river is contaminated with waste from the factory.Our students are being contaminated by foreign ideas.45. snort: to make a rough noise by blowing air down the noseto express impatience or anger by this soundWe ran when the bull began to snort.Never! he snorted.cf: snore: breathe heavily and noisily through the nose and mouth while asleep46. evidence: (in law) words which prove a statement, support a belief, or make a matter more clearThere wasn39。t enough evidence to prove him guilty.Have you any evidence to support this statement?not a bit / piece / scrap / shred of evidence indication or trace The room bore evidence (ie showed signs) of a struggle. in evidence: clearly or easily seen He39。s the sort of man who likes to be very much in evidence at important meetings, ie who likes to be seen and noticed. evident: obvious (to the eye or mind)。 clearIt must be evident to all of you that he has made a mistake. Evidently he has decided to leave. 47. brandish: to wave menacingly sth. esp. a weapon about, It stresses threat.I shall brandish my sword before them.48. denounce: to criticise severely and publicly, announce threateninglyThe newspapers denounced the new taxes.A mass meeting denounced him as a traitor.49. sonorous: having a pleasantly full loud soundthe sonorous tones of the priestsonoritythe sonority of the bass voices sonorously adv.50. reconcile: make peace between, make friendly againI cannot reconcile the two points of view. I asked how he would reconcile apartheid with Christianity.The two girls quarrelled but are now reconciled.51. jungle: tropical forest too thick to walk through easily.52. image: likeliness, form, copy, an object made to represent a god or person to be worshippedYou see your image in the mirror. I can close my eyes and see images of things and persons.The coin bears an image of the emperor.The government has a very bad image because it continues with plans that nobody likes.53. divine: of, related to, or being god or a godGod: the Almighty, Providence, the Creator, the Divinity, the Deity, the Holy One, the Lord, Jehovah54. thrust: to push forcefully and suddenly, to make a sudden forward stroke with a sword, knife, etc.He thrust the fork into the meat.The pirate thrust the sword into the captain39。s back.55. applause: loud praise for a performance or performer, esp. by striking the hands together (clapping)applaud: v.Everyone stood up to applaud.The audience applauded the singer for 5 minutes.The crowd bursts into applause and shouts Hurray!His every sentence was followed by an applause.56. fervour: the quality of being FERVENT, passion, zeal, enthusiasm, intense heat, intense emotion pelling action.speak with great fervour fervent: showing strong and warm feelings, hot, glowing, passionatea fervent love / hatred. a fervent lover / admirer57. arena: an area of land or a large room where sports, entertainment and public events take place.The city built a new sports arena.After World II Japan entered the arena of international trade.He entered the political arena after graduation from college.58. prairie: (in North America) a wild treeless grassy plain.59. scorch: to burn (part of ) a surface so as to change its colour, taste, or feeling but not pletely destroy it, to dry up and take away the life out with a strong heatThe hot iron scorched the tablecloth.a scorchedearth policyThe hot weather scorched the grass.scorching hot / heat60. observe: to make a remark, to say, to ment, It suggests a reasoned judgement based on m ore or less careful study of the evidence.He observe that the house seemed to be too small.I hope she39。ll turn over a new leaf now, observed Mrs. A.61. passion: strong, deep, often uncontrollable feeling, esp. of sexual love, hatred, or anger The poet