【正文】 nd transformer whole year electricity saving million kW □h. Thus it can be seen, renews the transformer which in 1963 left the plant whole year multi electricity saving 700,000 kWh. Therefore the obsolete transformer renews in the elimination in the electrical network transformation and the movement management, do not have to act according to pletely leaves the plant the fixed number of years, should through the quantitative evaluation, achieve poorly center selects poorly.（2） spare transformers may not renew temporarilySome importantly uses electricity the load all to have the spare transformer. Spare transformer for guarantee safe power supply, only then when movement transformer breakdown and overhaul only then puts the operation. The running time very is short every year, like the spare transformer renews, its renewal fund 30 year cannot take back. ButBut pays attention must be poor the obsolete transformer in superiorly stays behind does spare and the special store up.For example: Liaoning Yang Jiazhang the sub mining bureau39。s pine and cypress, pays the well, in the range first three townships transformer substation all has two obsolete transformers, moves spare, each transformer substation only renews a transformer to put the operation. Another spare transformer does not renew. Whole year total festival electric quantity 580,000 kW □h. Meanwhile pared to renews the transformer to save the fund nearly million Yuan pletely, and reduced the capacity to paste spends 80 ten thousand Yuan.（3） new transformers shapings want to be superior elect superiorlyCurrent our country promotes highly effective transformer main right and wrong crystalline state and S9, therefore, the obsolete transformer renews the putation is by the energy conservation crystalless condition and the S9 transformer replaces the obsolete transformer。 But the new transformer shaping putation is replaces the S7 transformer by S9. Because the distribution transformer application surface massive is broad, therefore we select 10/ 630kVA, 800kVA, 1000kVA, 1250kVA make the typical example operation.The series putation, the S9 transformer (according to beta =1 and beta =) distinguishes the row pared to the S7 transformer electricity saving effect and the economic efficiency to show table 2 and table 3.Knew by the above puted result that, Buys the S9 transformer although pared to buys the S7 transformer multi flowers to invest about 10,000 Yuan. But its capital only uses for 1 ~ 2 years to be possible to take back,After the investment takes back, in the transformer average life the always electricity saving effect is 20 ~ 400,000 kW □h, the total economic efficiency is 13 ~ 280,000 Yuan, therefore, the acceleration obsolete transformer renewal, purchases the S9 transformer is the enterprise reduces losses to synergize the road.（4） electric stoves transformers capacity choice festival pressure decrease consumes Because the electric stove transformer overload capacity is very strong, the people are familiar with the selection few to invest, the capacity small transformer. It both has wasted the electrical energy finally, and increased the electrical bill cost. Like the basis optimizes the quantitative evaluation, increases the transformer capacity, both the reduced electricity consumes and reduces the cost.譯文加速中小型老舊變壓器更新?lián)Q代的節(jié)電降耗 根據(jù)有關(guān)資料的估算：從發(fā)電到供電，一直到用電的過程－廣義電力系統(tǒng)中的各種電氣設(shè)備（包括發(fā)電機(jī)、變壓器、電力線路、電動(dòng)機(jī)等）全部的電能消耗約占發(fā)電量的28％～33％。這對(duì)全國(guó)來說一年就有3178～3746億kWh的電能損耗在運(yùn)行的電氣設(shè)備中，相當(dāng)于10個(gè)中等用電量的省的用電量之和。這說明節(jié)電潛力非常之大，但也說明我國(guó)電網(wǎng)線損率過高，是世界上產(chǎn)值能耗落后之國(guó)?！? ％，％，落后之因是：一是我國(guó)電網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)落后，網(wǎng)架薄弱，如電網(wǎng)中中小型老舊高能耗變壓器擁有量太大，缺乏調(diào)節(jié)能力，造成事故率高，線損率高；二是電網(wǎng)運(yùn)行管理落后，強(qiáng)調(diào)安全運(yùn)行，忽視經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行；三是陳舊的觀念和粗放性管理促成線損率過高?？傊?，造成我國(guó)電網(wǎng)損耗大的主要原因是，我國(guó)城鄉(xiāng)電網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)和企業(yè)電網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)中及電網(wǎng)運(yùn)行管理中科技含量太低。變壓器在整個(gè)電力系統(tǒng)中是一種應(yīng)用廣泛的電氣設(shè)備，一般說來，從發(fā)電、供電一直到用電，需要經(jīng)過3～5次的變壓過程，其自身要產(chǎn)生有功功率損失和無功功率消耗。由于變壓器臺(tái)數(shù)多，總?cè)萘看螅栽趶V義電力系統(tǒng)（包括發(fā)、供、用電）運(yùn)行中，變壓器總的電能損失占發(fā)電量的10％左右。這對(duì)全國(guó)來說，意味著全年變壓器總的電能損失為1100億kWh以上，相當(dāng)于3個(gè)中等用電量的省用電量之和。我國(guó)變壓器損耗電能如此之大，是由于我國(guó)的城鄉(xiāng)電網(wǎng)中和企業(yè)電網(wǎng)中老的高能耗變壓器數(shù)量太大之故。城鄉(xiāng)電網(wǎng)中不僅有大量六、七十年代老舊變壓器，有些單位還有四、五十年代變壓器在運(yùn)行，總計(jì)有1百多萬臺(tái)，占社會(huì)擁有量的40％以上。由于老舊變壓器擁有量大，造成我國(guó)電網(wǎng)線損率過高。使我國(guó)電網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)中科技含量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。老舊變壓器長(zhǎng)期超期服役，更新速度慢，其主要原因是我國(guó)普遍存在資金短缺以及耗能設(shè)備更新觀念落后，管理落后和技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)決策失誤所造成的。變壓器更新?lián)Q代的科學(xué)決策在新世紀(jì)，在城鄉(xiāng)電網(wǎng)改造中，我們要運(yùn)用知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)和科學(xué)技術(shù)，加速老舊變壓器的更新?lián)Q代?！≡谧儔浩鞲?lián)Q代中要有科學(xué)決策。（1） 樹立商品經(jīng)濟(jì)中優(yōu)勝劣汰的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)觀現(xiàn)代化耗能設(shè)備管理的決策要求人們必須從產(chǎn)品經(jīng)濟(jì)觀念轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樯唐方?jīng)濟(jì)觀念；從封建閉鎖的小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)觀念轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樯唐方?jīng)濟(jì)中的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)觀念，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的規(guī)律就是優(yōu)勝劣汰。（2） 樹立耗能設(shè)備技術(shù)磨損觀念耗能設(shè)備管理的科學(xué)理論的主要基礎(chǔ)，從經(jīng)濟(jì)壽命觀念出發(fā)，把產(chǎn)品經(jīng)濟(jì)的物質(zhì)磨損觀念轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧夹g(shù)磨損觀念。耗能設(shè)備的經(jīng)濟(jì)壽命系指耗能設(shè)備在制造過程中，不僅考慮設(shè)備的物質(zhì)磨損，更主要的是按技術(shù)磨損確定設(shè)備的使用年限。耗能設(shè)備的技術(shù)磨損系指耗能設(shè)備在使用過程中，一旦社會(huì)上制造出的新設(shè)備，其技術(shù)性能和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益已比原設(shè)備繼續(xù)使用優(yōu)越時(shí)，就應(yīng)按技術(shù)磨損進(jìn)行決策更新設(shè)備。（3）加速老舊變壓器更新?lián)Q代是經(jīng)濟(jì)效益不好的企業(yè)的重要舉措之一。因?yàn)樘潛p的企業(yè)要想生存下去，必須走扭虧為盈之路。加速老舊變壓器更新?lián)Q代，這是低投入高產(chǎn)出的經(jīng)濟(jì)決策。3　變壓器更新?lián)Q代的節(jié)電潛力與社會(huì)效益當(dāng)前我國(guó)老舊變壓器更新?lián)Q代時(shí)，對(duì)老舊變壓器淘汰要做到劣中汰劣，對(duì)新型變壓器選型要做到優(yōu)中選優(yōu)，不要單純立足于變壓器資金投入少，更要充分考慮到運(yùn)行中的節(jié)電效果，因此不應(yīng)選擇投資少能耗高的S7型變壓器，應(yīng)選擇投資大節(jié)電效果好的S9型和非晶態(tài)變壓器，由于節(jié)電效果好，多花的投資能很快收回。（1）老舊變壓器更新要劣中汰劣當(dāng)前許多企業(yè)中有多臺(tái)老舊變壓器，雖然加速老舊變壓器的更新?lián)Q代能為企業(yè)帶來可觀的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。但由于老舊變壓器數(shù)量大，不可能在一年內(nèi)把所有的老舊變壓器全部更新掉，必然逐年更新，所以，在多臺(tái)老舊變壓器淘汰中要劣中汰劣，通過定量計(jì)算更換掉損耗最大的老舊變壓器，即淘汰技術(shù)特性最劣者。即用相同的投入資金取得最大節(jié)電效果。例如：大連化工廠有2臺(tái)60年代的15000kVA老舊變壓器，其中1號(hào)是1961年產(chǎn)品，2號(hào)是1963年產(chǎn)品，按常規(guī)必然更新1961年出廠的1號(hào)變壓器。但通過定量的優(yōu)化計(jì)算，更新1號(hào)變壓器全年節(jié)電64萬kWh，而更新2號(hào)變壓器全年節(jié)電154萬kWh。由此可見，更新1963年出廠的變壓器全年多節(jié)電70萬kWh。所以在電網(wǎng)改造和運(yùn)行管理中老舊變壓器更新淘汰中，不要完全根據(jù)出廠年限，應(yīng)通過定量計(jì)算，做到劣中汰劣。（2）備用變壓器可暫不更新有些重要用電負(fù)載都有備用變壓器。備用變壓器為保證安全供電，只有在運(yùn)行變壓器故障和檢修時(shí)才投入運(yùn)行。每年運(yùn)行時(shí)間很短，如備用變壓器更新，其更新資金30年不能收回。但但注意要把老舊變壓器中的劣中之優(yōu)留下做備用和特殊貯備。例如：遼寧楊家仗子礦務(wù)局的松柏、付井、嶺前三個(gè)鄉(xiāng)變電所中都有二臺(tái)老舊變壓器，一臺(tái)運(yùn)行一臺(tái)備用，每個(gè)變電所僅更新一臺(tái)變壓器投入運(yùn)行。另一臺(tái)備用變壓器不更新。全年總節(jié)電量58萬余kWh。同時(shí)比全部更新變壓器節(jié)約資金近百萬元，并減少了容量貼費(fèi)80余萬元。（3）新型變壓器選型要優(yōu)中選優(yōu)當(dāng)前我國(guó)推廣的高效變壓器主要是非晶態(tài)和S9型，因此，老舊變壓器更新的計(jì)算是以節(jié)能型的非晶態(tài)和S9型變壓器代替老舊變壓器；而新型變壓器選型的計(jì)算是以S9型代替S7型變壓器。由于配電變壓器應(yīng)用面大量廣，所以我們選取10/、800kVA、1000kVA、1250kVA做典型實(shí)例運(yùn)算。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，購(gòu)S9型變壓器雖然比購(gòu)S7型變壓器多花投資1萬元左右。但其資僅用1～2年可收回,投資收回后，在變壓器壽命期內(nèi)總的節(jié)電效果為20～40萬kWh，總經(jīng)濟(jì)效益為13～28萬元，所以，加速老舊變壓器更新?lián)Q代，購(gòu)置S9型變壓器是企業(yè)減虧增效之路。（4）電爐變壓器容量選擇的節(jié)電降耗 由于電爐變壓器過載能力很強(qiáng)，人們習(xí)慣選取投資少、容量小的變壓器。其結(jié)果既浪費(fèi)了電能，又增加了電費(fèi)的成本。如根據(jù)優(yōu)化定量計(jì)算，把變壓器容量增大，既減少電耗又降