【正文】 g that they may be used to program many types of puters. Other languages, such as machine languages, are designed to be used by one specific model of puter system, or even by one specific puter in certain research applications. The most monly used programming languages are highly portable and can be used to effectively solve diverse types of puting problems. Languages like C, PASCAL, and BASIC fall into this category.Programming languages can be classified as either lowlevel languages or highlevel languages. Lowlevel programming languages, or machine languages, are the most basic type of programming languages and can be understood directly by a puter. Highlevel languages are programming languages that must first be translated into a machine language before they can be understood and processed by a puter. Examples of highlevel languages are C, C++, PASCAL, and FROTRAN. Assembly languages are intermediate languages that are very close to machine languages and do not have the level of linguistic sophistication exhibited by other highlevel languages, but must still be translated into machine language. LanguagesIn machine languages, instructions are written as sequences of 1s and 0s, called bits, that a puter can understand directly. An instruction in machine language generally tells the puter four things: (1) where to find one or two numbers or simple pieces of data in the main puter memory (Random Access Memory, or RAM), (2) a simple operation to perform, such as adding the two number together, (3) where in the main memory to put the result of this simple operation, and (4) where to find the next instruction to perform. While all executable programs are eventually read by the puter in machine language, they are not all programmed in machine language. It is extremely difficult to program directly in machine language because the instructions are sequences of 1s and 0s. A typical instruction in a machine language might read 10010 1100 1011 and mean add the contents of storage register A to the contents of storage register B.2 .HighLevel LanguagesHighLevel languages are relatively sophisticated sets of statements utilizing words and syntax from human language. They are more similar to normal human language than assembly or machine languages and are therefore easier to use for writing plicated programs. These programming languages allow larger and more plicated programs to be developed faster. However, highlever languages must be translated into machine language by another program called a piler before a puter can understand them. For this reason, programs written in a highlevel language may take longer to execute and use up more memory than programs written in an assembly language.3. Assembly LanguagesComputer programmers use assembly languages to make machine language programs easier to write. In an assembly language, each statement corresponds roughly to one machine language instruction. An assembly language statement is posed with the aid of easytoremember mands. The mand to add the contents of storage register A to the contents of storage register B might be written ADD B,A in a typical assembly language statement. Assembly languages share certain features with machine languages. For instance, it is possible to manipulate specific bits in both assembly and machine languages. Programmers use assembly languages when it is important to minimize the time it takes to run a program, because the translation from assembly language to machine language is relatively simple. Assembly languages are also used when some part of the puter has to be controlled directly, such as individual dots on a monitor or the flow of individual characters to a printer.B 中文翻譯程序設(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)言編程語(yǔ)言，在計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)，是用來(lái)編寫(xiě)的指令序列（計(jì)算機(jī)程序），可以由計(jì)算機(jī)上運(yùn)行的人造語(yǔ)言。類(lèi)似的，自然的語(yǔ)言，例如英語(yǔ)，編程語(yǔ)言有一個(gè)詞匯，語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)法。然而，自然語(yǔ)言不適合計(jì)算機(jī)編程，因?yàn)樗麄兪呛磺?，這意味著他們的詞匯和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)可以以多種方式來(lái)解釋。用于程序的計(jì)算機(jī)必須有簡(jiǎn)單的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)的語(yǔ)言，和他們的語(yǔ)法，拼寫(xiě)和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的規(guī)則必須是準(zhǔn)確的。編程語(yǔ)言差別很大的復(fù)雜性和在其多功能性程度。一些編程語(yǔ)言編寫(xiě)的計(jì)算，以解決問(wèn)題或?qū)σ惶囟ㄐ吞?hào)的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)使用特定類(lèi)型。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，如FORTRAN語(yǔ)言和COBOL的編程語(yǔ)言被寫(xiě)入唯一的某些一般的規(guī)劃問(wèn)題，F(xiàn)ORTRAN語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)言類(lèi)型的科學(xué)應(yīng)用，以及商業(yè)應(yīng)用的COBOL語(yǔ)言。雖然這些語(yǔ)言的目的是解決計(jì)算機(jī)問(wèn)題的具體類(lèi)別，它們是高度可移植的，這意味著它們可用于多種類(lèi)型的計(jì)算機(jī)程序。如機(jī)器語(yǔ)言，其他語(yǔ)言的目的是由一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，甚至在某些研究一個(gè)具體應(yīng)用的計(jì)算機(jī)的特定模型。最常用的編程語(yǔ)言是高度可移植的，可以用來(lái)有效地解決不同類(lèi)型的計(jì)算問(wèn)題。如231。學(xué)，PASCAL的，基本屬于這一類(lèi)的語(yǔ)言。編程語(yǔ)言可以被歸類(lèi)為低層次的語(yǔ)言或高級(jí)語(yǔ)言。高級(jí)語(yǔ)言的節(jié)目，必須先翻譯成，才可以被理解的機(jī)器語(yǔ)言，由計(jì)算機(jī)處理的語(yǔ)言。高層次的語(yǔ)言例如C語(yǔ)言，C + +，PASCAL的，和FROTRAN。大會(huì)語(yǔ)言是非常接近機(jī)器語(yǔ)言，并沒(méi)有對(duì)其他高級(jí)語(yǔ)言表現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言的中間語(yǔ)言的復(fù)雜程度，但仍必須翻譯成機(jī)器語(yǔ)言。在機(jī)器語(yǔ)言，指令被寫(xiě)為1和0，稱(chēng)為序列位，一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)可以直接理解。在機(jī)器語(yǔ)言指令告訴計(jì)算機(jī)一般四件事情：（1）在哪里可以找到一個(gè)或兩個(gè)數(shù)或在主計(jì)算機(jī)的內(nèi)存（隨機(jī)存取記憶體，或RAM）數(shù)據(jù)的簡(jiǎn)單件，（2）一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的操作來(lái)執(zhí)行，如添加了兩個(gè)數(shù)字一起，（3）如在主內(nèi)存來(lái)把這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的操作的結(jié)果，以及（4）在哪里可以找到下一個(gè)指令來(lái)執(zhí)行。雖然所有的可執(zhí)行程序，最終由計(jì)算機(jī)在機(jī)讀語(yǔ)言，他們不是在所有機(jī)器語(yǔ)言編程。這是非常困難的方案，因?yàn)橹苯釉跈C(jī)器語(yǔ)言的指令是1和0序列。如果一個(gè)典型的機(jī)器語(yǔ)言指令可能會(huì)讀取10010 1100 1011，平均添加的內(nèi)容存儲(chǔ)到存儲(chǔ)寄存器A的內(nèi)容登記乙 高級(jí)語(yǔ)言是利用人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言的文字和語(yǔ)法相對(duì)復(fù)雜的報(bào)表集。他們更接近正常比匯編語(yǔ)言的人或機(jī)器語(yǔ)言，因此更容易編寫(xiě)復(fù)雜的程序使用。這些編程語(yǔ)言允許更大，更復(fù)雜的方案，以獲得更快的發(fā)展。然而，高杠桿的語(yǔ)言必須轉(zhuǎn)化成機(jī)器語(yǔ)言的另一個(gè)稱(chēng)為編譯程序之前，計(jì)算機(jī)能理解他們。基于這個(gè)原因，方案寫(xiě)在一個(gè)高層次的語(yǔ)言可能需要更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間來(lái)執(zhí)行和使用更多的內(nèi)存在1比匯編語(yǔ)言編寫(xiě)的程序。 使用匯編語(yǔ)言的計(jì)算機(jī)程序員，使機(jī)器語(yǔ)言程序更容易編寫(xiě)。在一個(gè)匯編語(yǔ)言，每個(gè)語(yǔ)句大致相當(dāng)于一臺(tái)機(jī)器語(yǔ)言指令。匯編語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)句組成的易記的援助命令。匯編語(yǔ)言與機(jī)器語(yǔ)言共享某些特征。例如，它可以操縱機(jī)器語(yǔ)言都裝配和具體位。使用匯編語(yǔ)言編程時(shí)，重要的是要盡量減少所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間運(yùn)行程序，因?yàn)閺膮R編語(yǔ)言翻譯成機(jī)器語(yǔ)言是比較簡(jiǎn)單。匯編語(yǔ)言也被用來(lái)當(dāng)一些計(jì)算機(jī)的一部分，必須直接控制，例如監(jiān)視器或個(gè)別字流向打印機(jī)個(gè)別點(diǎn)。1. 若不給自己設(shè)限，則人生中就沒(méi)有限制你發(fā)揮的藩籬。2. 若不是心寬似海，哪有人生風(fēng)平浪靜。在紛雜的塵世里，為自己留下一片純靜的心靈空間，不管是潮起潮落，也不管是陰晴圓缺，你都可以免去浮躁，義無(wú)反顧，勇往直前，輕松自如地走好人生路上的每一步3. 花一些時(shí)間，總會(huì)看清一些事。用一些事情，總會(huì)看清一些人。有時(shí)候覺(jué)得自己像個(gè)神經(jīng)病。既糾結(jié)了自己，又打擾了別人。努力過(guò)后，才知道許多事情，堅(jiān)持堅(jiān)持，就過(guò)來(lái)了。4. 歲月是無(wú)情的，假如你丟給它的是一片空白，它還給你的也是一片空白。歲月是有情的，假如你奉獻(xiàn)給她的是一些色彩，它奉獻(xiàn)給你的也是一些色彩。你必須努力，當(dāng)有一天驀然回首時(shí)，你的回憶里才會(huì)多一些色彩斑斕，少一些蒼白無(wú)力。只有你自己才能把歲月描畫(huà)成一幅難以忘懷的人生畫(huà)卷。