【正文】 by the plaintiff under Subsection (b), or all of the harm suffered by the plaintiff under Subsection (c), is jointly and severally liable or severally liable with other parties who bear legal responsibility for causing the harm, determined by applicable rules of joint and several liability. 主題2積極抗辯　　Topic 2 Affirmative Defenses　　167。、缺陷產(chǎn)品的銷售者或分銷者以及其他人之間的責(zé)任分擔(dān)　　(a)如果原告的行為與產(chǎn)品缺陷相結(jié)合導(dǎo)致了損害，且原告的行為不符合確定適當(dāng)注意標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的普遍適用規(guī)則，則原告因缺陷產(chǎn)品導(dǎo)致?lián)p害而可獲得的賠償金可以被減少?！　?b)根據(jù)第a款減少的方式與范圍，以及在多名被告之間對(duì)原告可獲得的救濟(jì)進(jìn)行分擔(dān)，應(yīng)當(dāng)由責(zé)任分擔(dān)的普遍適用規(guī)則支配?！　?7 Apportionment of Responsibility Between or Among Plaintiff, Sellers and Distributors of Defective Products, and Others　　(a) A plaintiff,s recovery of damages for harm caused by a product defect may be reduced if the conduct of the plaintiff bines with the product defect to cause the harm and the plaintiff,s conduct fails to conform to generally applicable rules establishing appropriate standards of care.　　(b) The manner and extent of the reduction under Subsection (a) and the apportionment of plaintiff,s recovery among multiple defendants are governed by generally applicable rules apportioning responsibility.　　167。，責(zé)任限制，棄權(quán)及其他約定免責(zé)作為對(duì)人身?yè)p害產(chǎn)品責(zé)任請(qǐng)求的抗辯　　產(chǎn)品的銷售者或其他分銷者所作的免責(zé)聲明和賠償限制，產(chǎn)品的購(gòu)買者的棄權(quán)，以及其他類似的約定免責(zé)，無(wú)論口頭或書面，都不阻礙或減少因人身?yè)p害而對(duì)全新產(chǎn)品的銷售者或其他分銷者另行提起的有效產(chǎn)品責(zé)任請(qǐng)求?！　?8 Disclaimers, Limitations, Waivers, and Other Contractual Exculpations as Defenses to Products Liability Claims for Harm to Persons　　Disclaimers and limitations of remedies by product sellers or other distributors, waivers by product purchasers, and other similar contractual exculpations, oral or written, do not bar or reduce otherwise [8] valid products liability claims against sellers or other distributors of new products for harm to persons. 　主題3定義　　Topic 3 Definitions　　167。19.“產(chǎn)品”的定義　　為本重述的目的：　　(a)產(chǎn)品是經(jīng)過(guò)商業(yè)性銷售以供使用或消費(fèi)的有形動(dòng)產(chǎn)。其他種類如不動(dòng)產(chǎn)和電，當(dāng)它們的銷售及使用情形與有形動(dòng)產(chǎn)的銷售及使用足夠類似而適用本重述所述規(guī)則顯得適當(dāng)時(shí)，也是產(chǎn)品。　　(b)服務(wù)，即使是商業(yè)性提供的，也不是產(chǎn)品?！　?c)人類血液及人類組織器官，即使是商業(yè)性提供的，也不受本重述規(guī)則的支配?！　?9 Definition of Product　　For purposes of this Restatement:　　(a) A product is tangible personal property distributed mercially for use or consumption. Other items, such as real property and electricity, are products when the context of their distribution and use is sufficiently analogous to the distribution and use of tangible personal property that it is appropriate to apply the rules stated in this Restatement.　　(b) Services, even when provided mercially, are not products.　　(c) Human blood and human tissue, even when provided mercially, are not subject to the rules of this Restatement.　　167。20.“銷售或以其他方式分發(fā)者”的定義　　為本重述的目的：　　(a)在商業(yè)情形下向他人轉(zhuǎn)讓所有權(quán)，或是為了使用或消費(fèi)，或是為了指向最終使用或消費(fèi)的轉(zhuǎn)售，該行為人是在銷售產(chǎn)品。商業(yè)產(chǎn)品銷售者包括但不限于制造商、批發(fā)商及零售商?！　?b)在非銷售性商業(yè)交易中，不是為了使用或者消費(fèi)，也不是作為導(dǎo)向最終使用或消費(fèi)的預(yù)備步驟，向他人提供產(chǎn)品，該行為人是在以其他方式分發(fā)產(chǎn)品。商業(yè)性非銷售產(chǎn)品分發(fā)者包括但不限于出租人、寄托人及將其作為促進(jìn)此類產(chǎn)品的使用、消費(fèi)或者其他商業(yè)活動(dòng)的一種方式而提供產(chǎn)品者。　　(c)如果在商業(yè)交易中提供產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的結(jié)合體，或是該交易作為一個(gè)整體，或是其中的產(chǎn)品，符合第a款或第b款規(guī)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，該行為人也是在銷售或以其他方式分發(fā)產(chǎn)品。 　20 Definition of One Who Sells or Otherwise Distributes　　For purposes of this Restatement:　　(a) One sells a product when, in a mercial context, one transfers ownership thereto either for use or consumption or for resale leading to ultimate use or consumption. Commercial product sellers include, but are not limited to, manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers.　　(b) One otherwise distributes a product when, in a mercial transaction other than a sale, one provides the product to another either for use or consumption or as a preliminary step leading to ultimate use or consumption. Commercial nonsale product distributors include, but are not limited to, lessors, bailors, and those who provide products to others as a means of promoting either the use or consumption of such products or some other mercial activity.　　(c) One also sells or otherwise distributes a product when, in a mercial transaction, one provides a bination of products and services and either the transaction taken as a whole, or the product ponent thereof, satisfies the criteria in Subsection (a) or (b).　　167。21.“人身或財(cái)產(chǎn)損害”的定義：可獲得的對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)損失的救濟(jì)　　為本重述的目的，人身或財(cái)產(chǎn)損害包括以如下列舉為對(duì)象的損害所導(dǎo)致的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失：　　(a)原告的人身?；颉　?b)其他的人身，當(dāng)對(duì)他人的損害妨礙了原告受侵權(quán)法保護(hù)的利益時(shí)?；颉　?c)除了缺陷產(chǎn)品本身之外的原告財(cái)產(chǎn)?！　?1 Definition of Harm to Persons or Property: Recovery for Economic Loss　　For purposes of this Restatement, harm to persons or property includes economic loss if caused by harm to:　　(a) the plaintiff,s person。 or(b) the person of another when harm to the other interferes with an interest of the plaintiff protected by tort law。 or 　　(c) the plaintiff,s property other than the defective product itself.14 / 1