【正文】 overe through bined transport, which offers the economy of rail movement linked with the flexibility of trucking. Truck trailers are delivered to the rail terminals, where they are loaded on flatbed railcars. At the destination terminal they are offloaded and delivered to the consigneethe customer who receivers the shipment. An additional area in which railroads suffer in parison to motor carriers is equipment availability. Railroad lines use each other’s cars, and at times this equipment may not by located where it is most needed. Railcars may be unavailable because they are being loaded, unloaded, moved within railroad sorting yards, or undergoing repair. Other cars may be standing idle or lost within the vast rail network. A number of developments in the rail industry have helped to overe some of these utilization problems. Advances have included: puter routing and scheduling。 the upgrading of equipment, roadbeds, and terminals。 improvements in railcar identification systems。 and the use of unit trains, cars owned or leased by the shipper。 and dedicated throughtrain service between major metropolitan areas (nonstop shipments of one or a few shippers’ products). Railroads own approximately 80 percent of their car fleet. The remaining 20 percent are either leased or owned by shippers. 見P741. The disadvantages of rail transport pared with motor carrier is ( ) A. Cost B. Speed C. Lost and damage ratios D. Transit time and frequency of service2. The disadvantage above mentioned can be overe by ( )A. Combined transportB. More frequencyC. Fast trainD. More flexible3. The advantage of rail transport are ( A ) A. Great amount of shipped B. Less damage ratio C. Fast speed、exact schedule、cost saved D. Direct shipping line4. Railroads own about ( ) of their car fleet A. Half B. 80% C. 20% D. Not mentioned5. What is the meaning of Metropolitan areas? ( ) A. Around the city B. City itself C. The area near the city D. Big city and its neighbor area (五)Inventory can serve two basic functions: 1. To provide a reserve for production and sales. 2. To get the price discount by purchasing a large quantities. Inventory may be raw materials for the factory or finished products for the wholesaler and retailer. Most of inventory is placed in warehouse. Usually, three warehouses are available:1. Private warehouse. A private warehouse is owned and operated by a pany. It is convenient to the owner who can store and process easily. For most factories and big traders, they often have large or small warehouse, more or less space to store goods. 2. Public warehouse. Public Warehouse is developing for the Third Part Logistics and offers special services, including package and arrangement of delivery. Public warehouse has advantage of better service and lower cost than private one by its specialized equipment and marketing share. 3. Contract warehouse. This kind of warehouse is formed and depended on the relation between the suppliers and customer. When buyer purchases goods, they don’t often ship it at the same time and store at the sellers’ warehouse. Warehouse equipment consists of folk lift truck, stacker, good shelf and conveyor, etc. 1. Inventory is the same as warehouse. Is it true or not? ( ) A. Sometime yes B. Not C. No relation between them D. Different goods at different place2. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of inventory which are ( ) A. Goods B. Materials C. Materials and products D. Raw materials and finished products3. Public warehouse is most efficient. What is your opinion? ( ) A. Depend on the situation B. Yes C. Not D. Not parable4. Usually, contract warehouse doesn’t need to pay. Is it correct or not? ( ) A. Yes B. Not C. It didn’t mention it. D. Sometime yes, sometime not. 5 　What is the equipment of warehouse?（　）A. ToolsB. Tools for handling, loading and unloadingC. Forklift truckD. Forklift truck and goods shelf　 (六)Managers in the last two decades have witnessed a period of change unparalleled in the history of the world, in terms of advances in technology, globalization of markets and stabilization of political economies. With the increasing number of “worldclass” petitors both domestically and abroad, organizations have had to improve their internal processes rapidly in order to stay petitive. In the 1960s and 1970s, panies began to develop detailed market strategies, which focused on creating and capturing customer loyalty. Organizations also realized that strong engineering, design and manufacturing functions were necessary in order to support these market requirements. Design engineers had to be able to translate customer needs into product and service specifications, which then had to be produced at a high level of quality and at a reasonable cost. As the demand for new products escalated in the 1980s, manufacturing organizations were required to bee increasingly flexible and responsive to modify existing products and processes or to develop new ones in order to meet everchanging customer needs. As manufacturing capabilities improved in the 1990s, managers realized that material and service input from suppliers had a major impact on their organization’s ability to meet customer needs. This led to an increased focus on the supply base and the organization’s sourcing strategy. Managers also realized that producing a quality product was not enough. Getting the products to customers when, where , how, and in the quantity that they want, in a costeffective manner, constituted an entirely new type of challenge. More recently, the era of the “Logistics Renaissance” was also born, recreating a whole set of timereducing information technologies and logistics network aimed at meeting these challenges. As a result of these changes, organizations now find th