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24v直流穩(wěn)壓電源論文-資料下載頁

2025-06-22 08:47本頁面
  

【正文】 . The Buckboost chopper does both stepping up and down action. All these choppers have single, two and four quadrant variations in . 14B3 shows Buck chopper topology, which is a voltage stepdown and current stepup chopper. The twoposition switch is synthesized from a switch and a diode. The switch is turned on for a time τ periodically at a rate 1/Ts. The voltage waveforms are shown in Fig. So the average output voltage is , and the average current is . D is called the duty ratio, which has a range of 0~1. Is is the average current from the DC source. CycloconvertersA cycloconverter is a frequency changer that converts AC power at one input frequency to output power at a different frequency with a onestage conversion process. The phasecontrolled thyristor converters can be easily extended for cycloconverter AC switches, usually based on IGBT, can also be used in highfrequency link cycloconverters. In large power industrial applications, thyristor phasecontrolled cycloconverters are widely fifofoDCHighfrequencya)b)Fig. 14B5 Alternate schemes of frequency conversiona) DC link b) Highfrequency linkFig. 14B5 shows the block diagram of a cycloconverter. In an industrial cycloconverter driving an AC motor, the input 50/60 Hz power is converted to variablefrequency, variablevoltage AC at the output to control the motor speed. The output frequency may vary from zero (rectifier operation) to an upper limit, which is always lower than the input frequency (stepdown cycloconverter), and the power flow can be in either direction for fourquadrant motor speed control. In a VSCF system, the input power is usually generated by a synchronous machine that is coupled to a variablespeed turbine. The generated voltage can be regulated if the synchronous machine is wound field, but the output frequency is always proportional to the turbine speed. The function of the cycloconverter is to regulate the output frequency to be constant (typically 60 or 400 Hz). Fig. 14B5 shows alternatefrequency conversion schemes. Fig. 14B5a is a monly used scheme where the input AC is rectified to DC and then inverted to variablefrequency AC through an inverter. Fig. 14B5b, the input AC is converted to highfrequency AC through a stepup cycloconverter, and then converted to variablefrequency AC by a stepdown cycloconverter. 中文對(duì)照 電力電子變換器電力電子變換器能將電力從交流轉(zhuǎn)換為直流(整流器),直流轉(zhuǎn)換為直流(斬波器),直流轉(zhuǎn)換為交流(逆變器),同頻率交流轉(zhuǎn)換為交流(交流控制器),變頻率交流轉(zhuǎn)換為交流(周波變換器)。它們是四種類型的電力電子變換器。變換器被廣泛用于加熱和燈光控制,交流和直流電源,電化學(xué)過程,直流和交流電極驅(qū)動(dòng),靜態(tài)無功補(bǔ)償,有源諧波濾波等等。 整流器整流器可將交流轉(zhuǎn)換成直流。整流器可由二極管、可控硅、GTO、 IGBT、IGCT等組成。二極管和相控整流器是電力電子設(shè)備中份額最大的部分,它們的主要任務(wù)是與電力系統(tǒng)連接。由于器件開通時(shí)損耗低,且其開關(guān)損耗幾乎可忽略不計(jì),故該類整流器的效率很高,典型值約為98%。但是,它們的缺點(diǎn)是在電力系統(tǒng)Fig. 14B1 Threephase diode bridge rectifier with RC loaduaubucLaVD1VD3VD5VD4VD6VD2UdCFRLbLcNId中產(chǎn)生諧波,對(duì)其他用戶產(chǎn)生供電質(zhì)量問題。此外,晶閘管變換器給電力系統(tǒng)提供了一個(gè)滯后的低功率因數(shù)負(fù)載。二極管整流器是最簡單、可能也是最重要的電力電子電路。因?yàn)楣β手荒軓慕涣鱾?cè)流向直流側(cè),所以它們是整流器。最重要的電路配置包括單相二極管橋和三相二極管橋。常用的負(fù)載包括電阻性負(fù)載、電阻電感性負(fù)載、電容電阻性負(fù)載。 圖14B1給出了帶RC負(fù)載的三相二極管橋式整流器。 逆變器逆變器是從一側(cè)接受直流電壓,在另一側(cè)將其轉(zhuǎn)換成交流電壓的裝置。根據(jù)應(yīng)用情況,交流電壓和頻率可以是可變的或常數(shù)。逆變器可分成電壓源型和電流源型兩種。電壓源型逆變器在輸入側(cè)應(yīng)有一個(gè)剛性的電壓源,即,電源的戴維南電路等效阻抗應(yīng)該為零。如果電源不是剛性的,再輸入側(cè)可接一個(gè)大電容。直流ACFig. 14B2 Threephase bridge voltagefed inverter with L loadLoadcanbCUdLrIaId電壓可以是固定的或可變的,可從電網(wǎng)或交流發(fā)電機(jī)通過一個(gè)整流器和濾波器得到。電流注入或電流源型逆變器,像名字所表示的那樣,在輸入側(cè)有一個(gè)剛性的直流電流源,與電壓源型逆變器需要一個(gè)剛性的電壓源相對(duì)應(yīng)。通過串聯(lián)大電感,可變電壓源可以在電流反饋控制回路的控制下轉(zhuǎn)換為可變電流源。這兩種逆變器都有著廣泛的應(yīng)用。它們使用的半導(dǎo)體器件可以是IGBT、電力MOSFET和IGCT等等。圖14B2給出了一種三相橋式電壓源型逆變器的常見電路。 斬波器斬波器將直流電源轉(zhuǎn)換成另一個(gè)具有不同終端參數(shù)的直流電源。它們被廣泛用于開關(guān)式電源和直流電機(jī)啟動(dòng)。其中一些斬波器,尤其是電源中的斬波器,有Fig. 14B3 Buck chopper topologySUsVDUoIo+_+_Isu1一個(gè)隔離變壓器。斬波器經(jīng)常在不同電壓的直流系統(tǒng)中用作連接器。降壓和升壓斬波器是兩種基本的斬波器結(jié)構(gòu)。分別稱作Buck 斬波器和Boost 斬波器。但是,要清楚降壓斬波器也是升流斬波器,反之亦然,因?yàn)檩斎牍β室欢ǖ扔谳敵龉β?。降升壓斬波器既可降壓也可升壓。所有這些斬波器在電路結(jié)構(gòu)上可有一、二、四象限的變化。圖14B3給出了降壓斬波器的電路結(jié)構(gòu),它是一種電壓降、電流升斬波器。雙位開關(guān)由電路開關(guān)S和二極管組成。開關(guān)S以1/Ts 的頻率通斷,導(dǎo)通時(shí)間為τ。14B4. 電壓波形如圖14B4所示。因此平均輸出電壓等為,F(xiàn)ig. 14B4 The voltage waveform of Buck chopperUsUo平均電流為。D為占空比,變化范圍是0~1。Is為直流電源輸出的平均電流。周波變換器周波變換器是一種變頻器,它將頻率固定的交流電轉(zhuǎn)換成不同頻率的交流電,具有一步變換過程。相控晶閘管變換器很容易被擴(kuò)展為周波變換器。自控式交流開關(guān),通常由IGBT 組成,很容易被用作高頻鏈接周波變換器。晶閘管相控周波變換器被廣泛用于大功率工業(yè)應(yīng)用。圖14B5給出了周波變換器的框圖。fififofoDCHighfrequencya)b)Fig. 14B5 Alternate schemes of frequency conversiona) DC link b) Highfrequency link對(duì)驅(qū)動(dòng)交流電機(jī)的工業(yè)用周波變換器而言,輸入的50/60赫茲交流電在輸出側(cè)被轉(zhuǎn)換成可變頻、變壓的交流電來驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)。如果同步發(fā)電機(jī)勵(lì)磁可調(diào),則同步發(fā)電機(jī)電壓可調(diào),但輸出頻率總是正比于渦輪機(jī)速度。輸出頻率可從零(整流器工作)到一個(gè)上限值之間變化,上限值總是低于輸入頻率(降頻周波變換器),功率流可以是可逆的用于四象限電機(jī)速度控制。在變速恒頻系統(tǒng)中,輸入功率由與可調(diào)速渦輪機(jī)連接的同步發(fā)電機(jī)提供。周波變換器的作用是題解輸出頻率恒定(通常60或400赫茲)。圖14B5給出了變頻轉(zhuǎn)換框圖。圖I14B5a 一般用于先將輸入交流整流,然后通過逆變器轉(zhuǎn)換成可變頻交流。圖14B5b,輸入交流先通過升頻周波變換器轉(zhuǎn)換成高頻交流,再由降頻周波變換器轉(zhuǎn)換成可變頻交流。
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