【正文】 flow temperature in the heating circuit relative to external temperature. This will give a rise in the circuit flow temperature when outside temperature drops.l Thermostatic radiator valves: these sense space temperature in a room and throttle the flow accordingly through the radiator or convector to which they are fitted.l Proportional control: involves switching equipment on and off automatically to regulate output.l Other methods can include thermostats, occupancy sensing PIR39。s (passive infrared sensors), and manual user control.Lighting control methodsDifferent control systems exist, again timebased control and optimiser parameterbased where a level of illuminance or particular use of lighting is required.l Zones: lights are switched on corresponding to the use and layout of the lit areas, in order to avoid lighting a large area if only a small part of it needs light.l Time control: to switch on and off automatically in each zone to a preset schedule for light use.l Passive InfraRed (PIR) Occupancy sensing: In areas which are occupied intermittently, occupancy sensors can be used to indicate whether or not anybody is present and switch the light on or off accordingly.l Light level monitoring: this consists of switching or dimming artificial lighting to maintain a light level measured by a photocell.Building management systems and intelligent buildings energy savingsUntil recent years, energy efficiency has been a relatively low priority and low perceived opportunity to building owners and investors. However, with the dramatic increase and awareness of energy use concerns, and the advances in costeffective technologies, energy efficiency is fast being part of real estate management, facilities management and operations strategy. The concepts are also now making significant inroads into the domestic residential house building sectors.For lighting, energy savings can be up to 75% of the original circuit load, which represents 5% of the total energy consumption of the residential and mercial sectors.Energy savings potential from water heating, cooling, or hot water production, can be up to 10%, which represents up to 7% of the total energy consumption of the domestic residential and mercial sectors.Experiences from studies in Austria suggest potential heating and cooling energy savings are up to 30% in public buildings. Even allowing for the fact that buildings used in the study may have been those with particularly high energy usage, the figure is an impressive one. (Source: EU2 Analysis and Market Survey for European Building Technologies in Central amp。 Eastern European Countries GOPA) Building management systems and intelligent buildings environmental and greenhouse gas benefitsGreenhouse gas emission reductions depend on and correlate to reductions in energy use.Intelligent Buildings and Building Management Systems technologies contribute directly to the reduction in energy use, in mercial, industrial, institutional and domestic residential sectors.In short, Intelligent Buildings and suitably applied Building Management Systems are good for the environment.Legislation and environmental standards。 health and safety regulations。 and global trends towards improving indoor air quality standards are all significant drivers of and provide a continuous endorsement of the need for Building Management Systems and the Intelligent Buildings technologies.Government Initiatives around the world are also driving the development and adoption of Building Management Systems technologies. For example the UK Carbon Trust allows Enhanced Capital Allowance (ECA) to be offset against taxation on energy efficient systems, which enables savings of around 30% for all energyrelated Building Management Systems and Intelligent Buildings equipment, and the associated installation and design costs.Building management systems and intelligent buildings market trendsCareful interpretation is required. In the UK, adoption of controls technologies into the new build and major refurbishment sectors is relatively high: Estimates a few years ago of the UK market for Building Management Control Systems for new build and major refurbishment, all sectors, suggest market adoption of (as at 1994 Source UK1 An Appraisal of UK Energy RTD, ETSU 1994):l Heating controls 70%.l Hot water system controls 90%.l Air conditioning controls 80%.However according to European Commission as many as 90% of all existing buildings have inapplicable or ineffective controls, many of which require plete refurbishment of control systems.Moreover conventional control systems stop short of automated Intelligent Buildings full capabilities. A significant human element is required for optimal effective operation even if control systems correctly specified and installed.Given typical installations and equipment there is often a difficulty for building occupants (residential) or managers (mercial) to operate them correctly. Usage and correct operation are vital for effective results.Education of users。 improved systemsdesign userfriendliness, and the provision of relevant instructions and information are all critical to enable theory to translate into practice, and for potential effectiveness and savings to be realized.Building management systems and intelligent buildings practical benefitsEnergyeffective systems balance a building39。s electric light, daylight and mechanical systems for maximum benefit.Enhanced lighting design is more than an electrical layout. It must consider the needs and schedules of occupants, seasonal and climatic daylight changes, and its impact on the building39。s mechanical systems. Lighting systemsAdding daylight to a building is one way to achieve an energyeffective design. Natural daylight 39。harvesting39。 can make people happier, healthier, and more productive. And with the reduced need for electric light, a great deal of money can be saved on energy. Nea