【導(dǎo)讀】1．簡述生產(chǎn)檢驗(yàn)性試驗(yàn)與科學(xué)研究性試驗(yàn)各自的試驗(yàn)?zāi)康模克詫?shí)際建筑物或結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件為試驗(yàn)檢驗(yàn)對(duì)象，經(jīng)過試驗(yàn)對(duì)試驗(yàn)對(duì)象?；蛞栽囼?yàn)對(duì)象為代表的一批構(gòu)件做出技術(shù)結(jié)論。定各種規(guī)范，為發(fā)展和推廣新結(jié)構(gòu)、新材料和新工藝提供理論和試驗(yàn)的依據(jù)。2．按照試驗(yàn)的目的、對(duì)象、荷載性質(zhì)和荷載持續(xù)時(shí)間分類，可將建筑結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)分別分為哪幾類？研究性試驗(yàn)；真型試驗(yàn)與模型試驗(yàn)；靜力試驗(yàn)與動(dòng)力試驗(yàn)；短期荷載試驗(yàn)與長期荷載試驗(yàn)。形態(tài)，稱為承載力極限標(biāo)志。水平，然后釋放加載器具的勢(shì)能，勢(shì)能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閯?dòng)能，加載器具獲得一定的速度后撞擊試驗(yàn)結(jié)構(gòu)，使結(jié)構(gòu)獲得沖擊荷載。正確地使用支撐裝置，才能確保結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)的順利進(jìn)行。檢測電阻柵與被測結(jié)構(gòu)間的絕緣電阻，該絕緣電阻必須大于20兆歐，否則，在進(jìn)行應(yīng)變測量時(shí)，應(yīng)變儀顯示該測點(diǎn)的。以有效地達(dá)到測量的目的。與鉆芯法相比，拔出法有什么優(yōu)點(diǎn)？拔出法比鉆芯法方便、省時(shí)、省力，測試

　　

【正文】 響，從嚴(yán)格意義上講，它只能是力求接近某個(gè)客觀實(shí)際真值，而無法得到真正的真值，為此，必須對(duì)試驗(yàn)所得到的原 始數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析、加工處理。數(shù)據(jù)處理的內(nèi)容與步驟：（ 1）數(shù)據(jù)的整理和換算；（ 2）數(shù)據(jù)的誤差分析；（ 3）數(shù)據(jù)的表達(dá)。 如何根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)修約規(guī)則對(duì)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行修約？ 答：（ 1）四舍五入，即擬舍數(shù)位的數(shù)字小于 5時(shí)舍去，大于 5時(shí)進(jìn) 1，等于 5時(shí)，若所保留的末位數(shù)字為奇數(shù)則進(jìn) 1，為偶數(shù)則舍棄。（ 2）負(fù)數(shù)修約時(shí)，先將它的絕對(duì)值按上述規(guī)則修約，然后在修約值前面加上負(fù)號(hào)。（ 3）擬修約的數(shù)值應(yīng)在確定修約位數(shù)后一次性修約獲得結(jié)果，不得多次連續(xù)修約。 怎樣求一組試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的平均值、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差和變異系數(shù)？ 答： 試驗(yàn)測量中的偶然誤差一般服從什么 分布？ 答：正態(tài)分布。 什么是誤差？誤差主要分為幾種類型？每種類型的誤差 有何特點(diǎn)？如何表示？ 答：誤差 =測試值 — 真值 誤差分類：系統(tǒng)誤差、隨機(jī)誤差和過失誤差 （ 1）系統(tǒng)誤差 特點(diǎn)：在整個(gè)測量過程中始終有規(guī)律地存在著，其絕對(duì)值和符號(hào)保持不變或按某一規(guī)律變化。 表示方法：準(zhǔn)確度。準(zhǔn)確度高表示測量的系統(tǒng)誤差小。 （ 2）隨機(jī)誤差 特點(diǎn)：它的絕對(duì)值和符號(hào)變化無常，但如果進(jìn)行大量的測量，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)隨機(jī)誤差的數(shù)值分布符合一定的統(tǒng)計(jì)規(guī)律，一般認(rèn)為其服從正態(tài)分布。 表示方法：精密度。精密度高表示測量的隨機(jī)誤差小。 （ 3）過失 誤差 誤差數(shù)值較大，極易發(fā)現(xiàn)。 進(jìn)行誤差分析的作用和意義何在？ 答：誤差分析的作用和意義在于掌握各種試驗(yàn)誤差的特性，控制和減少試驗(yàn)測量數(shù)據(jù)中的誤差。 如何進(jìn)行誤差計(jì)算？ 答：（ 1）誤差的平均值（ 2）誤差的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值（ 3）變異系數(shù) 試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的表達(dá)方式有幾種？ 答：表格方式（匯總表格、關(guān)系表格）、圖像方式（曲線圖、形態(tài)圖、直方圖、餡餅圖）、函數(shù)方式。 如何利用一元線性回歸方法對(duì)一組試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)求其函數(shù)表 達(dá)式 y=a+bx？ 答 專業(yè)好文檔 Winger TuivasaSheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis39。 2018 semifinal win over England, has been passed fit after a lowerleg injury, while Slater has been named at fullback but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA. Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnley39。s effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day. Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the petition39。s top try scorer with nine, closely followed by TuivasaSheck with eight. But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far. The Kiwi with a tournament high 17 offloads has the chance of being the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2020. I39。d give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islandsbased Webb, the head of Fifa39。s antiracism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association39。s 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend City39。s Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday. I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport. For me it39。s about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was. Uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA for the racist behaviour of their fans during City39。s 21 win. Michel Platini, president of European football39。s governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee 39。s actions. CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toure39。s plaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda. The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our daytoday weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest ( miles/ kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of mercial airliners ( miles/ kilometers) and into the stratosp here. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence. The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olym pic diving platform. They blew it in 2020 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manc hester. Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here the last try they conceded was scored by England39。s Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament. That could be classed as a weakness, a team undercooked but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos39。 focus in their games since then. They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you to ugh, eve n contests strong defence, especially on their own goalline, pleting sets and a good kickchase. They39。ve be en great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your teammates. It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final. In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many highpressure games a priceless asset going into Saturday. The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi final against England will do wonders for their confidence. 專業(yè)好文檔 They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2020 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.