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新東方考博英語作文背誦經(jīng)典-資料下載頁

2024-11-02 05:48本頁面

【導讀】畫家將已完成的作品掛在墻上,每個人都可以觀賞到。作曲家寫完了一部作品,得由演奏者將其演奏。出來,其他人才能得以欣賞。因為作曲家是如此完全地依賴于職業(yè)歌手和職業(yè)演奏者,所以職業(yè)歌手和。職業(yè)演奏者肩上的擔子可謂不輕。一名學音樂的學生要想成為一名演奏者,需要經(jīng)受長期的、嚴格的。訓練,就象一名醫(yī)科的學生要成為一名醫(yī)生一樣。絕大多數(shù)的訓練是技巧性的。音樂家們控制肌肉的。熟練程度,必須達到與運動員或巴蕾舞演員相當?shù)乃?。效地控制肌肉的話,他們的聲帶將不能滿足演唱的要求。弦樂器的演奏者練習的則是在左手的手指上。下滑動的同時,用右手前后拉動琴弓--兩個截然不同的動作。鋼琴家們則不用操這份心,因為每個音符都已在那里等待著他們了。給鋼琴調(diào)音是調(diào)音。音象是打擊樂器,而且每個交疊的音都必須要清晰。如何得到樂章清晰的紋理是學生指揮們所面臨的難。偉大在于他們對音樂語言駕輕就熟,以致于可以滿懷喜悅地演出寫于任何時代的作品。

  

【正文】 not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated munities scarcely knew that a war was on. America39。s War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations. One was Canada, which received its first large influx of Englishspeaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States. Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors. The third newer the United States based itself squarely on republican even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose. In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial selfrule already existing. British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a homegrown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament. 美國革命 美國革命其實并不算是一場革命,因為它并未導致 完全的和徹底的變化。 這 次革命并不是對政治和社會框架的一次突然和猛烈的顛覆,象后來在已經(jīng)是獨立國家的法國 和俄國所爆發(fā)的革命那樣。 革命帶 ?? 來了重大的變化,但并非翻天覆地,所發(fā)生的只是進化 的加速,而不是一場徹底的革命;在沖突期間,人們?nèi)匀簧习?、做禮拜、結婚、玩耍。 多數(shù)人并沒有受到實際戰(zhàn)斗的嚴重影響。 許多較閉塞的社區(qū)對這場戰(zhàn)爭幾乎一無所知。美國 獨立戰(zhàn)爭宣布了三個現(xiàn)代國家的誕生,其中一個是加拿大。 加拿大的第一大批講英語的流 入人口來自于成千上萬英王的效忠者, 這些人從美國逃到了加拿大。 另一個國家是澳 大利 亞,因為美國不再是容納罪犯和欠債者的國度了,澳大利亞就變成了一個懲治罪犯的殖民地 (注:獨立戰(zhàn)爭前,英國政府將罪犯流放到美國 )。 第三個國家就是美國,它完全建立在共 和原則基礎上。即使政治上的顛覆也不如人們可能想象的那樣具有革命性。 在一些州,特 別是康涅狄格和羅德島,戰(zhàn)爭基本上只是承認了已經(jīng)存在的殖民地的自治。 四處被驅(qū)逐的 英國官員都被本土的統(tǒng)治階級所替代,這個統(tǒng)治階級迅速地以地方權力機關來替代國王和議 會。 09 Suburbanization If by suburb is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nieenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly pact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 183039。s and 184039。s were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the munities along their the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and acpanying social stress conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first mercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horsedrawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar works crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the pact industrial city into a dispersed first phase of massscale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of singlefamily housing tracts. 郊區(qū)的發(fā)展 如果 郊區(qū) 指的是比已建好的城市內(nèi)部發(fā)展更為迅速的城市邊緣地帶,那 么郊區(qū)化可以說始于 1825 年至 1850 年工業(yè)化城市出現(xiàn)期間。 在這之前,城市只是高度密 集的小聚居群。 在其中,人們步行走動,商品靠馬車來運送。 但是建于 18 世紀三四十年 代的早期工廠位于城邊的航道和鐵路附近,被工作機會吸引到這里的成千上萬的人們需要住 房。 漸漸地,在與舊有的主要城區(qū)相毗鄰的地方,不斷涌現(xiàn)出由排房和公寓樓組成的工人 聚居區(qū),包圍了工廠。作為對這種侵蝕的自衛(wèi),也為了擴大它們收稅的地域范圍,城市吞并 了工業(yè)化的臨近地帶,比如 1854 年費城的城區(qū)就兼并了費縣的絕大部分地區(qū)。 相似的城市 化也發(fā)生在芝加哥和紐約。 今天很多美國的大城市其實就是靠吞并它們附近的邊緣地區(qū)而 變成大都會的。隨著工業(yè)化的加速發(fā)展,城市里出現(xiàn)了嚴重擁擠和相伴而來的社會壓力。 當 1888 年第一條商業(yè)上成功的電氣化鐵軌被制造出來時,壓力開始接近危機的程度。 幾年之內(nèi),馬車就被廢 棄了,電車網(wǎng)相互交織連接著各個重要的城區(qū),從而形成了一種郊區(qū)化的潮 流,即密集的工業(yè)城市轉(zhuǎn)變成了分散的都市。 此時城市中產(chǎn)階級的出現(xiàn)進一步加強了第一 波大規(guī)模郊區(qū)化。 這些中產(chǎn)階級希望在遠離老舊城市的地區(qū)擁有住宅,單一家庭住宅地區(qū) 的開發(fā)者滿足了他們的愿望。 ?
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