【正文】 明顯少于礫石石器地點，但單個地點的遺物的數(shù)量明顯增多；顯示了功能的復(fù)雜化。 ? 燕兒洞遺址說明人類也開始利用洞穴遺址，到長江下游地區(qū)江西萬年仙人洞與吊桶環(huán)遺址遺址的發(fā)現(xiàn)，說明人類使用洞穴遺址的證據(jù)更加充分。 ? 生計方式發(fā)生了重大變化。 ? 石器工業(yè)有礫石工業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)變到石片石器工業(yè)。加工技術(shù)變化不大，修理技術(shù)相對提高；以刮削器為主。與北方接近，更多的反映了利用草原環(huán)境生存的動物資源。 石器工業(yè) ? 礫石工業(yè)傳統(tǒng)的影響 ? 石片石器成分增加，如定模洞、白蓮洞遺址。 ? 年代距今 ~。 嶺南地區(qū) ? 遺址分布 ? 廣西桂林寶積巖、柳州白蓮洞遺址 247。 田東定模洞遺址 ? 遺址概況 ? 寶積巖，桂林市區(qū)的寶積山；動化石有大熊貓 ——劍齒象動物群； ? 時代距今 3萬年左右。 柳州白蓮洞遺址 巖廈遺址； 1956年發(fā)現(xiàn)。 1970到 1980年多次發(fā)掘，堆積復(fù)雜。堆積從 3萬年到 1萬年； 生計方式 ? 遺物疏密度不一樣，反映了活動內(nèi)容的差異?；鹛诺拇嬖谡f明該處是一個居住遺址。 ? 人類行為的變化：形體較大石英適應(yīng)森林環(huán)境的植物性食物的生產(chǎn)處理和加工；刮削器等小型工具則更便于承擔(dān)肉食加工。 舊大陸西側(cè) Two important definitions ? Blades = flakes that are at least twice as long as they are wide. ? Composite tools = ones formed from multiple materials. – ., a spear has a stone point, wooden shaft, bone foreshaft, sinew hafting, and resins. Tool Industries ? These are tool plexes that are associated and are useful time markers for the UP. – Perigordian = intermediate Mousterian to Aurignacian – Aurignacian 36 – 22 kya. Earliest ―blade industry.‖ – Solutrean 22 – 18 kya. Extremely refined blade technology. – Magdalenian 18 – 10 kya. Final UP blade industry. ART. Making blades during the Upper Paleolithic Period. Composite tools during the Upper Paleolithic Period. Aurignacian Tools: 40 to 30 kya in Europe Aurignacian Tools 40 to 30 kya Early Upper Paleolithic Europe Other Features of the Aurignacian ? Diverse, efficient, flexible tool kit. ? Beads amp。 Jewelry made from mammal bones amp。 teeth. ? Bone needles amp。 awls suggesting tailored clothing. ? Portable art of engraved bone and ivory – Southern Germany: Vogelherd Cave amp。 Hohlenstein Stadel. – Grotte du Renne, France. Gravettian Tools 30 to 20 kya Mid Upper Paleolithic Europe Two Important Aurignacian Sites ? Dolni Vestonice 27 kya (Czech Republic) – Complex campsite. ? Kostenki 27 kya (Russia). – Nine pit houses – Hearths in centers of huts – Storage pits cut into permafrost Dolni Vestonice Dolni Vestonice Kostenki Boneframed house Implications of Sites ? People being a bit more sedentary ? Diet, however, still hunting amp。 gathering – Find large herbivore remains – Small mammals remains – Some fish bones Solutrean Tools: 22 to 18 kya in Europe The Dog ? Domestication = an anism relying on humans for survival amp。 reproduction. ? Dogs e from wolves, which are pack animals. ?Dogs have abilities that humans don’t have. The Venus Figurines ? Portable art that appeared during the Upper Paleolithic period. ? Female figures carved from soft stone or mammoth bone. ? Thought to symbolize fertility. Venus of Gagarino, Ukraine Venus of Willendorf, Austria Implication of Figurines ? Suggest munication and interaction over long distances. ? Suggest symbolic thinking. Cave Painting ? Painters used charcoal amp。 red ochre ? Lascaux: (France) emphasis on animal paintings。 human renderings are simple. ? Altamira: (Spain) use of natural features of the cave to enhance animal art. ? Chauvet Cave: (discovered 1994). Chauvet Cave 33 – 20 kya ? Large cave galleries ? Compositional groupings of herbivores amp。 predators. ? Find rare species not depicted in other caves: rhino, lion, longeared owl, amp。 hyena. ? Appear to be stylistically unified (same culture). Lascaux 34 – 12 kya Chauvet Cave, France 33 20 kya The Magdalenian ? 20 – 10 kya. ? Stone/bone tool industry bees more diverse. – Microlithic blades. – New weapons (., harpoon). ? Large scale climate change occurred (deglaciation). ? Sites were occupied for longer than during Gravettian (more sedentary). – Important sites: Madeliene Rockshelter, Laugerie Haute – People lived there for entire seasons, not year round. Magdalenian Tools 20 to 10 kya Late Upper Paleolithic Mezhirich, Russia Magdalenian 舊石器時代晚期的時代特征 ? 人類的體質(zhì)基本擺脫了各種原始性狀，完成了現(xiàn)代化的進程；在舊石器文化方面也取得了前所未有的進展，發(fā)展到舊石器時代的最高峰，為向一個新的文化發(fā)展階段 ——新石器時代的過渡準(zhǔn)備了充分的條件。 ? （一）技術(shù)發(fā)展 ? （ 1）石器技術(shù) ? （ 2）骨角器技術(shù)的發(fā)展 ? （ 3）建筑技術(shù)的進步：洞穴建筑技術(shù)和露天建筑技術(shù) ? （二）生計方式的轉(zhuǎn)變 ? （ 1）狩獵專業(yè)化 ? （ 2）廣譜革命發(fā)生；動植物資源的利用范圍擴大，鳥類和魚類以及草籽開始出現(xiàn)在遺址上 ? （ 3）類型多樣化 ? （三）社會發(fā)展 ? 通過遺址的平面布局及類型變化所反映出來的社會生活及結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。 ? Pincevent 的研究表明了當(dāng)時社會的共同體，由以火膛為代表的更小單位組成。一個單位共同平等生活在一個共同體中。 ? 虎頭梁遺址的品字形灰堆分布； ? 社會交往：山頂洞遺址曾經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)的海蚶殼、厚殼蚌等均非本地的產(chǎn)品。 ? （四）精神世界的變化 ? 墓葬、洞穴壁畫及藝術(shù)品 ? （ 5）現(xiàn)代人人口的增加和擴散 ? 壽命提高；體質(zhì)進步；向無人區(qū)的擴散；人類的共同體規(guī)模比以前有所擴大，內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)明顯地區(qū)分出不同的單元。