【導(dǎo)讀】PowerforICT. ICTforPower. TVA. What’sSpecialaboutLDCs?2billion+lackelectricity. US. ~1/3residential,1/3industrial,1/3mercial. Use?Numbersashighas13%ofUS. Endusers,servers,working,etc.Laterdebunked. ICT–Energy(Power)linkages. Applications)?Computing. Display. Storagevariable

　　

【正文】 MU 38 Design Model and Business Case ? Only target specific users ? All agricultural (almost onethird of the load) ? All Industrial and larger mercial users ? Only the largersize domestic users ? Estimated 2/3 of homes only use 50 kWh per month ? Include every work node that needs monitoring and/or control ? Substations ? Transformers ? Capacitor banks ? Relays etc. Rahul Tongia, CMU 39 Design Model and Business Case (cont.) ? Investment in long run only a few thousand rupees per targeted user (Target 75$ capex) ? When amortized, implies requirement of improvements in system of only a few percent! ? Savings will e from ? Lower losses/theft ? Increased sales possible ? Lower operational costs ? Load management ? Better consumer experience (and hence, possibility for higher tariffs) ? Future interaction with smart appliance and smart home works ? Possibly new services Rahul Tongia, CMU 40 Economics of case system ? Estimated System (Ruralcentric) ? 62 Consumers (all classes) per Distr. Transformer ? 98 Distribution Transformers per SubStation N u m b e r o f N o d e s E q u i p m e n t c o s t ( $ ) C o s t ( $ )D o m e s t i c ( a p p l i c a b l e ) 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 75 1 5 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 C o m m e r c i a l 3 8 3 , 0 0 0 75 2 8 , 7 2 5 , 0 0 0 A g r i c u l t u r a l 6 7 3 , 0 0 0 75 5 0 , 4 7 5 , 0 0 0 H i g h T e n s i o nD i s t r i b u t i o n T r a n s f o r m e r s 7 0 , 3 0 6 500 3 5 , 1 5 3 , 0 0 0 S u b s t a t i o n s 714 5 , 0 0 0 3 , 5 7 0 , 0 0 0 1 3 2 , 9 2 3 , 0 0 0 O t h e r I T a n d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e ( c a p i t a l i z e d ) 1 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 01 4 2 , 9 2 3 , 0 0 0 15% a n n u a l i z e d r a t e i n c l . A m o r t i z a t i o nN e e d e d S a v i n g s 2 1 , 4 3 8 , 4 5 0$ a n n u a l l y1 1 , 6 2 5 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 k W h s o l d a n n u a l l y0 . 0 6 E l e c t r i c i t y R a t e ( $ / k W h ) A v e r a g e o n l y 。6 9 7 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0$ A n n u a l C o s t sE x c l u d e s p e a k3 . 1 % N e e d i m p r o v e m e n t s w o r t h s a v i n g s p o t e n t i a lRahul Tongia, CMU 41 Economics (cont.) ? 67 year payback on investment (conservative) possible with just 3% improvement in system ? Savings will e from ? Theft Reduction ? TimeofDay and DSM measures (peak reduction) ? System Quality, reliability, and uptime ? Higher Collection Rahul Tongia, CMU 42 Challenges ? Protocols ? Use of thin protocols to reduce capex for embedded systems ? Security – PLC can be a shared medium ? PLC ? How to couple around transformers or other obstacles ? How to go long runs with low errors (and high enough bandwidth) – Shannon’s theorem provides a limit ? Noisy line conditions in many developing countries ? Appliances ? Need for standards to bring down costs and ensure interoperability ? Design – Should the PLC signals pass through the meter/gateway directly to appliances? ? How active or passive should consumer behavior modification be? ? Costs (as always) Rahul Tongia, CMU 43 Challenges – Implementation and Management ? Utilities are typically riskaverse ? They face increased regulatory uncertainty ? Without some portions of a market, how do they benefit? ? Will they (should they) pass all pricing information on to the consumer? ? Developing country management issues ? Utilities were typically State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) ? Utilities were run with social engineering goals ? Increased automation, control, and sophistication (and theft detection) poses risks to the large cadre of current employees Rahul Tongia, CMU 44 A New World for Power Systems ? Includes “smarts” for significant improvements in efficiency ? New services can be enabled once the appropriate infrastructure is in place ? Segmentation of development allows independent, modular innovation, ., home automation and appliances ? Developing countries (esp. Asia) can lead the way through leapfrogging