【正文】 also something very, important. It is you have to have a genuine interest in this film industry. This genuine interest is very important. Because a lot of people are interested in the money, instead of the job. They just look at the statistics, like just now I was waiting in my room and I was reading this news article, there39。s a chart telling the people how many...well, how much those stars in China are making, l/Veil, if you are only attracted by those statistics, by the figures, the money, well, then, I do not think you can be a star. There are people who have a genuine interest in being a singer, like there are people who have been taking acting classes, who have been acting in secondary schools, in college like that. They have a genuine interest. Yet, then go for it. 本段討論了成為明星的第三個(gè)素質(zhì)：感興趣[genuine Interest]，并且列舉了生活中的一些實(shí)例[people only interested in money rather than film industry)來論證自己的觀點(diǎn)。這樣在立論的同時(shí)也駁斥了為金錢而當(dāng)明星的錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。有立有廢，論證嚴(yán)謹(jǐn) Ladies and gentlemen, well, I think the petition is also good. When there39。s a petition, we can ensure the quality. When there39。s no petition, well, we have to have whatever is given to us. When there39。s petition, we can pick what we want. Isn39。t that something good? Ladies and gentlemen, it is what I think for that struggle for stardom. Thank you very much. 結(jié)論部分是one—sentence review of the points she presented in her talk．由“為當(dāng)明星而打拼”引申到一般意義上的競爭，既緊扣主題，又加以升華。以一個(gè)反問句Isn39。t it something good?結(jié)尾，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化了演講人的觀點(diǎn)。這樣的結(jié)尾達(dá)到了short and to the point的效果。通過Ladies and gentlemen提示聽眾演講接近尾聲，重提主持人的問題，以告知聽眾她一直圍繞這個(gè)主題展開演講，給聽眾一個(gè)完整的結(jié)尾。本篇是獲得第10屆“21世紀(jì)外教社杯”全國英語演講比賽季軍的香港選手張阿旭的即興演講。演講充分顯示了演講人的機(jī)敏、臨場應(yīng)變能力和扎實(shí)的語言功底。通篇邏輯十分的清晰，而且演講人娓娓道來，絲毫沒有演講的做作，卻又極富感染力。在即興演講這一部分，本篇演講人明顯高人一籌。據(jù)演講者本人介紹，這與她所在的學(xué)校要求學(xué)生做很多即興的presentationn 即興演講（impromptu speech），顧名思義，就是指臨場的、毫無準(zhǔn)備的演講。在前面所提到的兩大比賽中，即興演講所占時(shí)間為1~3分鐘，分值所占比重為30%~40%，在比賽中的地位十分重要。如果參賽選手想要取得優(yōu)秀的成績，那么就一定要在該部分取得高分。即興演講對于使用母語演講的人來說都非常困難，更何況是使用非母語演講的選手？這部分非常具有挑戰(zhàn)性，主要考察選手多方面能力：思維能力、邏輯能力和語言能力。思維能力是指選手在毫無準(zhǔn)備的情況下對某一問題的分析能力，對問題理解的深度和寬度等；邏輯能力主要指選手是否有全局觀，是否能合理搭筑整個(gè)演講的框架，所闡述觀點(diǎn)的層次性是否清晰；而語言能力則是指選手即席用英語進(jìn)行交流溝通的能力，可檢驗(yàn)選手的英語語言熟練度和準(zhǔn)確度如何。那么如何應(yīng)對即興演講呢？在定題演講部分，我們討論了衡量一篇演講好壞的普遍原則。這些原則對所有類型的演講都適用，即興演講也不例外。在做即興演講時(shí)，也要從以下四個(gè)方面著手：內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)、語言以及臺上演講風(fēng)格等。內(nèi)容 在討論即興演講的內(nèi)容之前，先了解幾個(gè)在近幾年大賽即興演講中出現(xiàn)的題目。 Is marking western holidays a sign of a modern China or of traditions sacrificed to mercial interests Do you think university education should be more openminded? Are we being too susceptible to advertising? Which qualities do you look for in a boyfriend? If you were one representative of Peoples Congress, what advice would you give the government? 題目還有很多，這里就不一一列舉了。通過這幾個(gè)題目，大致可以看出即興演講的題目涉及方方面面，從經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、教育、文化、人生到國際問題，包羅萬象。這也是即興演講具有極強(qiáng)挑戰(zhàn)性的原因之一。 題目的范圍之大之廣對參賽選手提出了很高的要求。要求演講者平時(shí)養(yǎng)成讀書看報(bào)的習(xí)慣，關(guān)注周圍發(fā)生的焦點(diǎn)問題和國際時(shí)事，積累各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的素材，以便談?wù)撈鹉骋粋€(gè)話題時(shí)言之有物，有的放矢；要求演講者平時(shí)養(yǎng)成思考的習(xí)慣，多聽不同的聲音，從不同角度看問題，看問題有想法、有深度。這些都是賽前的準(zhǔn)備工作，應(yīng)多積累、豐富自己的知識內(nèi)容，強(qiáng)化自己的觀點(diǎn)。那么在比賽當(dāng)中，又該怎樣具體應(yīng)對呢？ 正如前面所講的，好的內(nèi)容包括好的主題以及有說服力的材料做支持。在即興演講中，更要注意這兩點(diǎn)。 1．強(qiáng)有力的材料做支持 正如前面討論過的那樣，論據(jù)的類型最基本可分為三種：實(shí)例、統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字以及引用別人的言語。對于即興演講來說，現(xiàn)場能夠找到恰當(dāng)?shù)慕y(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字是非常困難的。因此在即興演講時(shí)，引用別人的言語和用實(shí)例來證明是最常見的兩種方式。那么應(yīng)該選擇哪種類型的例子來做論據(jù)呢？在比賽現(xiàn)場上進(jìn)行即興演講時(shí)，最切實(shí)可行的、最容易做到的就是用自己或自己周圍發(fā)生的例子來說明你的觀點(diǎn)，信手拈來，不用絞盡腦汁，演講起來最自如，最自信；這樣做無形之中也強(qiáng)化了自己的可信度，比較容易打動(dòng)聽眾。如在“21世紀(jì)(愛立信杯”2003年第8屆全國英語演講比賽中獲得第二名的南京大學(xué)學(xué)生王媛在即興演講中是這樣說的， If indeed I had a chance to choose for my life again, I think the time setting I would choose is in the late 1970s and the early 1980s. That was when the Chinese government began to adopt the policy of reform and openness. And the place setting I would choose is in some places in the western part of China. Why? Let me share with you my reasons. Well, when I firstly saw this, errr, heard this topic, I think it reminded me of an experience a few years ago. I still clearly remember that, uhh, at that time, some fellow students and I went to visit a primary school in a very poor village and we were working as tutors there. There, all the classrooms were in a very old building and many windows and doors were broken, so, when it was raining, all the children had to move to a corner in order not to get wet. Inside the classroom, five to six children were sharing one desk normally shared by two and many of the desks and chairs were broken, too. And immediately after we began to teach them English, it became very clear to us that many of these students were very diligent and were very willing to work hard. But later on, as we talked among ourselves, we got to know that they, many of them, could not finish their schooling just because of poverty. I think that this experience enabled us to see that we belong to a few group of, a group of few people that are fortunately enough to receive a college education. 這段演講是她真情實(shí)感的流露，表達(dá)起來自如，而且自信，也容易和聽眾進(jìn)行真正的交流。 在選擇使用論據(jù)時(shí)，尤其是在競賽當(dāng)中，需要特別注意以下兩個(gè)原則。 （1）演講的支持材料要切題。 所選擇的支持材料要為你的中心觀點(diǎn)或主題服務(wù)，不能偏離這一點(diǎn)，不能跑題。記得一個(gè)學(xué)生在參加比賽時(shí)，抽到的即興演講題目是，“中國成為世界貿(mào)易組織的成員對于我們國家有什么主要影響？”她在演講中講了一個(gè)很長的故事，一個(gè)年輕人在海邊拾貝殼，碰到了一個(gè)老人，以及和這個(gè)老人之間展開的對話。這個(gè)故事占了整個(gè)演講的三分之二，然后很牽強(qiáng)地把這個(gè)故事和她抽到的題目聯(lián)系在一起。盡管她的故事敘述得很流利，但在整個(gè)即興演講結(jié)束后，聽眾仍然不知她對這個(gè)問題的回答是什么？很顯然，演講者在賽前準(zhǔn)備了幾個(gè)故事，準(zhǔn)備在即興演講時(shí)使用。的確，在賽前要做充分的準(zhǔn)備，準(zhǔn)備各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的數(shù)據(jù)、例子、權(quán)威專家的話等，做好充分的調(diào)研，以便在比賽中游刃有余。但切記你所選擇的支持材料一定要與主題相關(guān)，為主題服務(wù)，能夠幫助聽眾更加深入地了解你的觀點(diǎn)，決不能嘩眾取寵。不切題的即興演講絕不會(huì)得高分。 （2）演講的支持材料要貼近聽眾。 演講的支持材料最好是聽眾熟悉的，貼近聽眾，不僅有利于聽眾理解、接受和吸收你的信息，而且容易產(chǎn)生共鳴。筆者作為輔導(dǎo)教師參加過多次的全國英語演講比賽，在比賽中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)很奇怪的現(xiàn)象。有很多學(xué)生舉例子或引用別人的話時(shí)，往往愿意用國外的例子或國外名人說的話來支持他們的論點(diǎn)。學(xué)生也許有些許擔(dān)心，“如果用土生土長的例子，外國評委可能會(huì)不知道，不了解背景，會(huì)影響他們對整個(gè)演講的評判。”然而在一次比賽中，一位來自美國的演講專家在做點(diǎn)評時(shí)說到，“不用擔(dān)心我們會(huì)不了解，或聽不懂。問題是作為一個(gè)外國人，我們在這里希望聽到有關(guān)你們國家的人、事、思想、文化，而不是我們國家的名人如林肯、克林頓，他們說了什么，干了什么。”他一語道破了問題的關(guān)鍵，演講者所說的要和你的聽眾拉近距離，講一些本地發(fā)生的事情，發(fā)生的事情對聽眾產(chǎn)生了什么樣的影響，用當(dāng)?shù)氐奈幕⒗砟顏斫忉屇愕挠^點(diǎn)，這樣更容易在聽眾中產(chǎn)生共鳴。但并不是說就一定不能用國外的例子或觀點(diǎn)。要全方位地選擇論據(jù)，選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)牟牧蠟槟愕挠^點(diǎn)服務(wù)。 在“21世紀(jì)(澳門之星杯”2006年第11屆全國英語演講比賽中復(fù)旦大學(xué)的胡懿在即興演講（Should laws be fixed or flexible?）中是這樣說的， Well, actually, very accidentally this morning, when we were sort of imprisoned in that preparing room, actually we had a fierce debate over law. And now I would like to share some of my thoughts