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lySi Solar cell Making process Back Surface Field Deposition Al and Ag ohmiccontact Forward surface Electrode Antireflection coating (ARC) TiO2 deposition H2 diffusion dangling bond H2 bonding ? Decreasing rebination Measure H2 H2 H2 H2 An individual PV cell typically produces between 1 and 2 watts Solar Cell, Module, Array ? decrease the area of solar cell material being used in a system Concentrator collectors ? Flatplate collectors typically use large numbers or areas of cells that are mounted on a rigid, flat surface. ? substrate 。 metal, glass, plastic ? They are simpler to design and fabricate. ? They do not require special optics, specially designed cells, or mounting structures that must track the sun precisely. plus, flatplate collectors can use all the sunlight FlatPlate Systems Uses for Solar Energy Solar Home Systems Space Water Pumping Tele Main Application Areas – Offgrid Residential Home Systems (28 kW) PV Power Plants ( 100 kW) Commercial Building Systems (50 kW) Main Application Areas Grid Connected ? Solar energy will bee the most important and costefficient energy source in the future. ? The present lack of silicon feedstock is promoting a rapid development of next generation technology. ? Immediate actions are taken to cut thinner wafers and increase cell efficiencies for crystalline silicon. ? New thin film technologies are being developed ? Stronger influence from semiconductor industry will accelerate the development of better technologies ? Nanosilicon and other third generation technologies may offer a longterm solution for the future solar energy technology. Conclusions