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n), duchy of medieval Germany, extending along both sides of the Main River, from the Rhine River on the west to the Fichtelgebirge range on the east.Vatican梵蒂岡Vatican City,independentstatewithin Rome, Italy, that is ruled by the pope and serves as the world headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church. Entirely surrounded by Rome, Vatican City is the smallest country in the world, with an area of 44 hectares (110 acres). Feud or Feod 封土Feud, longcontinued state of hostility between two social groups, such as tribes, clans, or families, and usually characterized by acts of violence. Feuds are generally motivated by an initial episode involving an insult or injury that must be avenged, and frequently continue even after the event that triggered the hostilities has passed out of the memory of the participants. In most cases the feud occurs in isolated areas, where legal means of redress of grievances are either not available or are deemed inadequate by the affected groups. The peoples of northern Europe carried on feuds for many centuries, but these private wars have in modern times been declared illegal in all civilized countries. Family feuds are, however, still known in such areas as the Balkans, Corsica, Sicily, and the mountain regions of the southeastern United States. The longstanding and bloody feud that broke out in the latter part of the 19th century between the Hatfield and McCoy families of Kentucky and West Virginia is famous in American history and folkloreFrederick I弗雷德里希一世(Barbarossa巴巴羅薩)Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire) (1123?1190), Holy Roman emperor and king of Germany (11521190), king of Italy (11551190), and as Frederick III, duke of Swabia (11471152, 11671168), known as Frederick Barbarossa (“red beard”紅胡子).Frederick II弗雷得里希二世(腓特烈大帝)Frederick II (of Prussia),calledTheGreat(17121786), king of Prussia (17401786)。 during his reign, he was considered among the most notable of enlightened despots in 18th century Europe.Florence佛羅倫薩Voltaire 伏爾泰Voltaire,assumednameofFran231。ois Marie Arouet (16941778), French writer and philosopher, who was one of the leaders of the Enlightenment.GKogury?高句麗Kogury?, also known as Goguryeo, an indigenous Korean kingdom that emerged in the 1st century bc.Kory? Dynasty高麗Kory? Dynasty (ad 9181392), also known as Goryeo, Korean dynasty founded by Wang K?n, who established a united Korean kingdom throughout the peninsula in 935. Nicolaus Copernicus哥白尼Nicolaus Copernicus(14731543),Polishastronomer, best known for his astronomical theory that the sun is at rest near the center of the universe, and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun. This is called the heliocentric, or suncentered, systemChristopher Columbus哥倫布Christopher Columbus(14511506),Italianborn Spanish navigator who sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean in search of a route to Asia but achieved fame by making landfall in the Americas instead.Pacification of Ghent根特協(xié)定After several more years of bitter fighting, 16 of the 17 provinces united against Spain under the terms of the socalled Pacification of Ghent, signed on November 8, 1576.Saint Gregory VII格里高利七世Saint Gregory VII(circa102085),pope (107385), one of the great reformers of the medieval church. He asserted the primacy of the church over secular powers and led the papal party in the first phase of its conflict with the Holy Roman Empire.Communism共*產(chǎn)*主*義Communism,atheoryandsystem of social and political organization that was a major force in world politics for much of the 20th century. As a political movement, munism sought to overthrow capitalism through a workers’ revolution and establish a system in which property is owned by the munity as a whole rather than by individuals. In theory, munism would create a classless society of abundance and freedom, in which all people enjoy equal social and economic status. In practice, munist regimes have taken the form of coercive, authoritarian governments that cared little for the plight of the working class and sought above all else to preserve their own hold on power.Qur’an or Koran古蘭經(jīng)Qur’an or Koran,theholybookofIslam. For Muslims it is the very word of Allah, the absolute God of Islamic faith, and was revealed to the prophet Muhammad. The angel Gabriel is said to have spoken Allah’s words into the Prophet39。s ear. According to Muslim tradition, after this ecstatic experience Muhammad was able to recite exactly what he had been told. The term Qur’an, which means 39。recitation,” occurs several times in the text itself。 the term refers either to a fragment of the revelation or to the entire collection of revelations that are known as the Qur’an.HHabsburg哈布斯堡家族Habsburg, royal family of Europe, one of the oldest and most prominent dynasties from the 15th to the 20th century.Khalifa哈里發(fā)Haitian Slave Revolt海地革命Haitian Slave Revolt,uprisingin1791by black slaves on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. It began as a rebellion against slavery and French plantation owners, but became a political revolution that lasted for 13 years and resulted in independence from France. By 1804 the revolution had destroyed the dominant white population, the plantation system, and the institution of slavery in the most prosperous colony of the western hemisphere. The colony then became the first independent black republic in the world, the republic of Haiti.Hamburg漢堡Hanseatic League漢薩同盟Hanseatic League(GermanHanse),mercial alliance of German merchants and cities, active from the mid12th century to the mid17th century. At its peak in the mid15th century, the league prised at least 80 cities and another 100 or so affiliated towns, and it monopolized all trade in the North and Baltic seas. It grew to be the largest and most successful trade association in medieval Europe in t