【正文】 s, there are other frameworks categorized as lightweight MVC frameworks such as Spring MVC, Stripes, Wicket, Play!, and Tapestry. The new XForms standards and frameworks may also be another option to building plex web Form validations with Struts in the future.The WebWork framework spun off from Apache Struts aiming to offer enhancements and refinements while retaining the same general architecture of the original Struts framework. However, it was announced in December 2005 that Struts would remerge with WebWork. WebWork has been adopted as Apache Struts2, which reached its first full release in February 2007.In 2004 Sun launched an addition to the Java platform, called Java Server Faces (JSF). Aside from the original Struts framework, the Apache project previously offered a JSFbased framework called Shale, which was retired in May 2009.In this section we will discuss about Architecture. Struts is famous for its robust Architecture and it is being used for developing small and big software projects. Struts is an open source framework used for developing J2EE web applications using Model View Controller (MVC) design pattern. It uses and extends the Java Servlet API to encourage developers to adopt an MVC architecture. Struts framework provides three key ponents:A request handler provided by the application developer that is used to mapped to a particular URI. A response handler which is used to transfer the control to another resource which will be responsible for pleting the response. A tag library which helps developers to create the interactive form based applications with server pages Learn Struts framework Struts provides you the basic infrastructure infra structure for implementing MVC allowing the developers to concentrate on the business logic The main aim of the MVC architecture is to separate the business logic and application data from the presentation data to the user.Here are the reasons why we should use the MVC design pattern They are resuable: When the problems recurs, there is no need to invent a new solution, we just have to follow the pattern and adapt it as necessary. They are expressive: By using the MVC design pattern our application bees more expressive. 1). Model: The model object knows about all the data that need to be displayed. It is model who is aware about all the operations that can be applied to transform that object. It only represents the data of an application. The model represents enterprise data and the business rules that govern access to and updates of this data. Model is not aware about the presentation data and how that data will be displayed to the browser. 2). View: The view represents the presentation of the application. The view object refers to the model. It uses the query methods of the model to obtain the contents and renders it. The view is not dependent on the application logic. It remains same if there is any modification in the business logic. In other words, we can say that it is the responsibility of the view39。s to maintain the consistency in its presentation when the model changes. 3). Controller: Whenever the user sends a request for something then it always go through the controller. The controller is responsible for intercepting the requests from view and passes it to the model for the appropriate action. After the action has been taken on the data, the controller is responsible for directing the appropriate view to the user. In GUIs, the views and the controllers often work very closely together.The Struts framework is posed of approximately 300 classes and interfaces which are organized in about 12 top level packages. Along with the utility and helper classes framework also provides the classes and interfaces for working with controller and presentation by the help of the custom tag libraries. It is entirely on to us which model we want to choose. The view of the Struts architecture is given below:The Struts Controller Components Whenever a user request for something, then the request is handled by the Struts Action Servlet. When the ActionServlet receives the request, it intercepts the URL and based on the Struts Configuration files, it gives the handling of the request to the Action class. Action class is a part of the controller and is responsible for municating with the model layer. The Struts View Components: The view ponents are responsible for presenting information to the users and accepting the input from them. They are responsible for displaying the information provided by the model ponents. Mostly we use the Java Server Pages (JSP) for the view presentation. To extend the capability of the view we can use the Custom tags, java script etc. The Struts model ponent The model ponents provides a model of the business logic behind a Struts program. It provides interfaces to databases or back ends systems. Model ponents are generally a java class. There is not any such defined format for a Model ponent, so it is possible for us to reuse Java code which are written for other projects. We should choose the model according to our client requirement. Hibernate FrameWorkHibernate is an objectrelational mapping (ORM) library for the Java language, providing a framework for mapping an objectoriented domain model to a traditional relational database. Hibernate solves objectrelational impedance mismatch problems by replacing direct persistencerelated database accesses with highlevel object handling functions.Hibernate is free software that is distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License Hibernate39。s primary feature is mapping from Java classes to database tables (and from Java data types to SQL data types). Hibernate also provides data query and retrieval facilities. Hibernate generates the SQL calls and attempts to relieve the developer from manual result set handling and object conversion and keep the application portable to all supported SQL databases with little performan