【正文】 1P 1 .2P 1 .3P 1 .4P 1 .5P 1 .6P 1 .7V C CD2I N 4 0 0 71122J22PGND2+ V C C 1 2 V1GND3J1電源座+ V C C 1 2 VD1I N 4 0 0 7IN1GND2OUT3U1L 7 8 0 5 ( 大 )12+ C12 2 0 U FV C CR11K1 2D3LEDNO1NC2L14C O M3L25o p e nc l o s eK M 1繼電器12 D4LED12D5LEDV C CR 1 9E1C3B2Q48 5 5 0F M 1B E L LP 2 .71122J4 兩位接線柱220V 輸入發(fā)熱管輸出 27 安徽師范大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）評(píng)定意見 指導(dǎo) 教師 評(píng)語(yǔ) 百分制成績(jī)： 簽名： 年 月 日 評(píng)閱教師評(píng)語(yǔ) 百分制成績(jī)： 簽名： 年 月 日 評(píng)語(yǔ)主要內(nèi)容包括：學(xué)生寫作態(tài)度、科研作風(fēng)，論文選題的理論意義和實(shí)踐價(jià)值，論據(jù)是否充分、可靠，掌握基礎(chǔ)理論、專門知識(shí)、研究方法和技能的水平，寫作的邏輯性、技巧及其他優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。 28 安徽師范大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）評(píng)定意見 教 研 室 ︵答 辯 組︶ 評(píng) 定 意 見 成績(jī)： 教研室主任（答辯組組長(zhǎng)）簽名： 年 月 日 學(xué) 院 意 見 成績(jī)： 院長(zhǎng)簽章： 年 月 日 29 附件 3： 安徽師范大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）開題報(bào)告書 題 目 學(xué)生姓名 學(xué) 號(hào) 指導(dǎo)教師 學(xué) 院 專 業(yè) 職 稱 選題的意義及研究狀況： 主要內(nèi)容、研究方法和思路： 30 準(zhǔn)備情況 （查閱過(guò)的文獻(xiàn)資料及調(diào)研情況，現(xiàn)有儀器、設(shè)備情況、已發(fā)表或撰寫的相關(guān)文章等）： 總體安排和進(jìn)度 （包括階段性工作內(nèi)容及完成日期）： 指導(dǎo)教師意見 （研究的意義、創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)、前期基礎(chǔ)工作、存在的難點(diǎn)和困難、建議等）： 指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 年 月 日 學(xué)院選題指導(dǎo)組意見： 學(xué)院選題指導(dǎo)組組長(zhǎng)簽名： 年 月 日 31 附件 4： 安徽師范大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）指導(dǎo)過(guò)程記錄表 題 目 學(xué)生姓名 學(xué) 號(hào) 指導(dǎo)教師 學(xué) 院 專 業(yè) 職 稱 指導(dǎo)內(nèi)容 記錄一 時(shí)間： 年 月 日 指導(dǎo)內(nèi)容 記錄二 時(shí)間： 年 月 日 指導(dǎo)內(nèi)容 記錄三 時(shí)間： 年 月 日 32 指導(dǎo)內(nèi)容 記錄四 時(shí)間： 年 月 日 指導(dǎo)內(nèi)容 記錄五 時(shí)間： 年 月 日 指導(dǎo)內(nèi)容 記錄六 時(shí)間： 年 月 日 指導(dǎo)內(nèi)容 記錄七 時(shí)間： 年 月 日 注：指導(dǎo)內(nèi)容和記錄的次數(shù) 可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況決定，表格填寫不下的內(nèi)容以及其他材料可另附紙。 33 請(qǐng)刪除以下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O謝謝?。?！ The origin of taxation in the United States can be traced to the time when the colonists were heavily taxed by Great Britain on everything from tea to legal and business documents that were required by the Stamp Tax. The colonists39。 disdain for this taxation without representation (socalled because the colonies had no voice in the establishment of the taxes) gave rise to revolts such as the Boston Tea Party. However, even after the Revolutionary War and the adoption of the . Constitution, the main source of revenue for the newly created states was money received from customs and excise taxes on items such as carriages, sugar, whiskey, and snuff. Ine tax first appeared in the United States in 1862, during the Civil War. At that time only about one percent of the population was required to pay the tax. A flatrate ine tax was imposed in 1867. The ine tax was repealed in its entirety in 1872. Ine tax was a rallying point for the Populist party in 1892, and had enough support two years later that Congress passed the Ine Tax Act of 1894. The tax at that time was two percent on individual ines in excess of $4,000, which meant that it reached only the wealthiest members of the population. The Supreme Court struck down the tax, holding that it violated the constitutional requirement that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population (pollock v. farmers39。 loan amp。 trust, 158 . 601, 15 S. Ct. 912, 39 L. Ed. 1108 [1895]). After many years of debate and promise, the sixteenth amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1913, providing Congress with the power to lay and collect taxes on ine without apportionment among the states. The objectives of the ine tax were the equitable distribution of the tax burden and the raising of revenue. Since 1913 the . ine tax system has bee very plex. In 1913 the ine tax laws were contained in eighteen pages of legislation。 the explanation of the tax reform act of 1986 was more than thirteen hundred pages long (Pub. L. 99514, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2085). Commerce Clearing House, a publisher of tax information, released a version of the Internal Revenue Code in the early 1990s that was four times thicker than its version in 1953. Changes to the tax laws often reflect the times. The flat tax of 1913 was later replaced with a graduated tax. After the United States entered world war i, the War Revenue Act of 1917 imposed a maximum tax rate for individuals of 67 percent, pared with a rate of 13 percent in 1916. In 1924 Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon, speaking to Congress about the high level of taxation, stated, The present system is a failure. It was an emergency measure, adopted under the pressure of war necessity and not to be counted upon as a permanent part of our revenue structure…. The high rates put pressure on taxpayers to reduce their taxable ine, tend to destroy individual initiative and enterprise, and seriously impede the development of productive business…. Ways will always be found to avoid ta