【正文】 、論述題（每小題 10 分，共 20 分） 1.“犯罪分子是應(yīng)受法律制裁的，這個(gè)被告應(yīng)受法律制裁，所以，這個(gè)被告是犯罪分子。 ”這一推理屬于何種推理？是否正確？為什么？ 2. “凡盜竊罪都是侵犯財(cái)產(chǎn)罪，凡盜竊罪都是故意犯罪，所以，凡故意犯罪都是侵犯財(cái)產(chǎn)罪。 ” 這一推理屬于何種推理？是否正確？為什么？ 參考答案 一、填空題 1,在 有的犯罪不是故意的 這一性質(zhì)判斷中的邏輯常項(xiàng)是 有的 …… 不是 …… ,邏輯變項(xiàng)是 犯罪 ,故意 . 2,一個(gè)充分條件假言判斷 ,只有當(dāng)前件 真 而 后件 假 _時(shí) ,它才是假的 。在其它情況下 ,它都是真的 . 3,普通邏輯基本規(guī)律有 同一律 , 不矛盾律 和 排中排 . 4,在 刑法就是規(guī)定犯罪和刑罰的法律 這一定義中 ,被定義項(xiàng)是 刑法 ,種差是 規(guī)定犯罪和刑罰 ,鄰近屬概念 12 是 法律 . 二、單項(xiàng)選擇題 D B A D A B C D C C 三、分析題 1．設(shè)已知判斷為 SAP，則 ABC 三個(gè)判斷分別為 、 PAS、 ES。其中： SAP 與 SOP 相矛盾，運(yùn)用對(duì)當(dāng)關(guān)系推理，能推出 A 判斷， SAP→ ； SAP 不能推出 PAS，否則違反換位規(guī)則 “前提中不周延的項(xiàng)，在結(jié)論中也不得周延 ”； 根據(jù)換質(zhì)位交替法，能由 SAP 推出 C 判斷， SAP→SE → ES。 2．這個(gè)推理屬于三段論推理，推理錯(cuò)誤。違反了 “前提中不周延的大項(xiàng)或小項(xiàng)，在結(jié)論中也不得周延。 ”的規(guī)則，犯了 “大項(xiàng)不當(dāng)周延 ”的邏輯錯(cuò)誤。 （或答：違反三段論第一格的規(guī)則 “小前提必須是肯定判斷。 ”） 四、表解題 運(yùn)用真值表判定 A判斷和 B 判斷是否具有等值關(guān)系。 A：甲有罪或者乙有罪。 B：如果甲有罪則乙有罪。 設(shè) “甲有罪 ”為 p； 設(shè) “乙有罪 ”為 q； A判斷的邏輯形式為： p 或者 q B 判斷的邏輯形式為： 如果 p 那么 q 代入真值表判定 A判斷和 B 判斷是否具有等值關(guān)系： P q p 或者 q 如果 p 那么 q 真 真 真 真 真 假 真 假 假 真 真 假 假 假 假 假 以上真值表的情況表明 A和 B 兩個(gè)判斷不等值。 五 、論述題 ，推理錯(cuò)誤。違反 “中項(xiàng)在前提中必須至少周延一次 ”的規(guī)則（或答：違反第一格規(guī)則： “小前提必須是肯定判斷 ”），犯 “中項(xiàng)不周延 ”的邏輯錯(cuò)誤。 2. 答：三段論，推理錯(cuò)誤。違反 “前提中不周延的項(xiàng)在結(jié)論中也不得周延 ”的規(guī)則， 犯 “小項(xiàng)不當(dāng)周延 ” 的邏輯錯(cuò)誤。 13 您好，為你提供優(yōu)秀的畢業(yè)論文參考資料，請(qǐng)您刪除以下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O謝謝?。?！ A large group of tea merchants on camels and horses from Northwest China39。s Shaanxi province pass through a stop on the ancient Silk Road, Gansu39。s Zhangye city during their journey to Kazakhstan, May 5, 2021. The caravan, consisting of more than 100 camels, three horsedrawn carriages and four support vehicles, started the trip from Jingyang county in Shaanxi on Sept 19, 2021. It will pass through Gansu province and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, and finally arrive in Almaty, formerly known as AlmaAta, the largest city in Kazakhstan, and Dungan in Zhambyl province. The trip will cover about 15,000 kilometers and take the caravan more than one year to plete. The caravan is expected to return to Jingyang in March 2021. Then they will e back, carrying specialty products from Kazakhstan A small art troupe founded six decades ago has grown into a household name in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. In the 1950s, Ulan Muqir Art Troupe was created by nine young musicians, who toured remote villages on horses and performed traditional Mongolian music and dances for nomadic families. The 54yearold was born in Tongliao, in eastern Inner Mongolia and joined the troupe in says there are 74 branch troupes across Inner Mongolia and actors give around 100 shows every year to local nomadic people. I can still recall the days when I toured with the troupe in the early 39。80s. We sat on the back of pickup trucks for hours. The sky was blue, and we couldn39。t help but sing the folk songs, Nasun says. The vastness of Inner Mongolia and the lack of entertainment options for people living there, made their lives lonely. The nomadic people were very excited about our visits, Nasun recalls. We didn39。t have a formal stage. The audience just sat on the grass. Usually, the performances became a big party with local people joining in. For him, the rewarding part about touring isn39。t just about sharing art with nomadic families but also about gaining inspiration for the music and dance. Ulan Muqir literally translates as red burgeon, and today39。s performers of the troupe still tour the region39。s villages and entertain nomadic families, but their fame has spread around the world. On May 16 and 17, nearly 100 singers and dancers from the troupe performed at Beijing39。s Poly Theater. Their show, titled Ulan Muqir on the Grassland, depicted the history and development of the art troupe. Being from the region allowed me to embrace the culture of Inner Mongolia and being a member of the troupe showed me where I belonged, Nasun, the art troupe39。s president, who is also a renowned tenor, tells China Daily. During a tour in 1985, he went to a village and met an elderly local man, who told him a story about his friendship with a solider from Shenyang, capital of Northeast China39。s Liaoning province, decades ago. The solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. The story inspired Nasun to write Carved Saddle, a song that later became one of his most popular numbers. Now, every year, Nasun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. The troupe has also designed a new repertoire, which is mostly based on the daily lives of Mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has bined contemporary musical elements with folk songs of the region. Haimu, a 25yearold khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe three years ago. Along with a sixmember band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writes－ all while playing the horsehead fiddle.Although I learned the piano since childhood and grew up listening to various kinds of music, to me, the folk music of Inner Mongolia is the root, he says. Performing in remote villages is pleasant. I feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled. The first round of spring auction season in Beijing ended last week, but it failed to create much spring in the art market. Although two pieces of Chinese painting fetched more than 100 million yuan, the decline in trading volume and sa le rate showed a downturn this year. In the ―Grand View: Chinese Painting Highlight‖ session at China Guardian 2021 spring auctions, Pan Tianshou’s representative work Eagle, Rock and Flora hit a record auction price of 279 million yuan, while Li Keran’s masterwork Jinggang Mountain fetched million yuan, an unexpected high in recent years. However, the trading volume fells to