【正文】 理林地 。對(duì)受害面積較大形成林窗的林地進(jìn)行造林更新。 經(jīng)濟(jì)林：凍害為板栗枝干病害的流行提供了較好環(huán)境條件，雪后應(yīng)該及時(shí)清理栗園的枯枝落葉，集中焚燒。清園后，用波爾多液或 50%多菌靈 800— 1000 倍液全面對(duì)樹(shù)體及地表噴施一次。 簡(jiǎn)答題 2 1. 簡(jiǎn)述非侵染性病害的主要特點(diǎn)。 （ 1）病株在田間的分布具有規(guī)律性，一般比較均勻，往往是大面積成片發(fā)生。 （ 2）癥狀具有特異性： ○ 1 除了高溫?zé)嶙坪退幒Φ葌€(gè)別病原能引起局部病變外，病株常表現(xiàn)全株性發(fā)??； ○2 株間不互相傳染； ○3 病株只表現(xiàn)病狀，無(wú)病癥。 （ 3）病害發(fā)生與環(huán)境條件栽培管理措施有關(guān)，因此，若用化學(xué)方法消除致病因素或采取挽救措施，可使病態(tài)植物恢復(fù)正常。 2. 簡(jiǎn)述病毒引起病害的特點(diǎn)。 有病狀，無(wú)病癥，多呈花葉 、黃化、畸形、壞死等。癥狀以葉片和幼嫩的枝梢表現(xiàn)最明顯。病株常從個(gè)別分枝或植株頂端開(kāi)始，逐漸擴(kuò)展到植物其他部位。 3. 簡(jiǎn)述真菌病害。 真菌病害是由真菌引起的，它們主要借助風(fēng)、雨、昆蟲(chóng)或花卉的種苗傳播，通過(guò)花卉植物表皮的氣孔、皮孔等自然孔口和各種傷口侵入體內(nèi)，也可直接侵入無(wú)傷表皮，在生病部位上表現(xiàn)出白粉、銹粉、煤污、斑點(diǎn)、腐爛、枯萎、畸形等癥狀。 4. 簡(jiǎn)述柯赫法則。 柯赫法則是病害診斷中常見(jiàn)的印證法則，它可分為 4 個(gè)步驟： ○ 1 經(jīng)常觀察，了解一種微生物與某種病害的聯(lián)系。 ○ 2 從病組織上分離得到這種微生物，并將其單獨(dú)在培養(yǎng)基上培養(yǎng)，使其生長(zhǎng)繁殖，也就是純培養(yǎng)。 ○ 3 將純培養(yǎng)的微生物，接種到健康的寄主植物上感病后發(fā)生原先觀察到的癥狀。 ○ 4 從接種發(fā)病的組織上再分離，又得到相同的微生物。 5. 簡(jiǎn)述園林植物病害流行的條件。 ○ 1 感病樹(shù)種的數(shù)量和分布，是病害能否流行和流行程度輕重的基本條件之一。 ○ 2 在病害流行以前，有大量 致病性強(qiáng)的病原物存在是病害流行的必備條件。 ○ 3 病害能否流行，要看是否具備適宜的發(fā)病條件，以及適宜條件保持時(shí)期的長(zhǎng)短。 6. 簡(jiǎn)述同翅目的主要特征，并列舉 5 個(gè)科名。 主要特征：觸角剛毛狀或絲狀；口器刺吸式；翅 2 對(duì)，前翅革質(zhì)或膜質(zhì)，后翅膜質(zhì)；雄蚧后翅為平衡棒，雌蚧無(wú)翅；多數(shù)種類(lèi)有分泌蠟質(zhì)或蚧殼狀覆蓋物的腺體。如蟬科、葉蟬科、蠟蟬科、木虱科、粉虱科等。 7. 簡(jiǎn)述鱗翅目的主要特征，并列舉 5 個(gè)科名。 主要特征：觸角細(xì)長(zhǎng)多節(jié)；口器虹吸式；翅一般兩對(duì)，膜質(zhì)，翅面覆蓋鱗片；幼蟲(chóng)多足、蠋型。 如卷蛾科、刺蛾科、尺蛾科、枯葉蛾科、天蛾科等。 8. 化學(xué)防治的定義和特點(diǎn)是什么？ 化學(xué)防治是指用農(nóng)藥來(lái)防治病蟲(chóng)雜草等有害生物的方法。具有收效快、防治效果好，使用方法簡(jiǎn)單，受季節(jié)限制小，適合于大面積使用等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。但也存在病蟲(chóng)抗藥性、再猖獗及農(nóng)藥殘留的缺點(diǎn)。 9. 如何正確合理地使用農(nóng)藥？ ○1 正確選用農(nóng)藥； ○ 2 適時(shí)用藥； ○3 交替使用農(nóng)藥； ○ 4 混合使用農(nóng)藥； ○5 減少施藥次數(shù)，掌握有效用量 。 ○6 按照施藥目標(biāo)和農(nóng)藥的特性，采用恰當(dāng)?shù)氖┧幏椒ā? 10. 葉斑病類(lèi)的防治方法有哪些？ 栽培管理加強(qiáng)通風(fēng)、透光，及時(shí)清除病葉病株，減少傳染病原。藥劑防治可用 80%代森錳鋅可濕性粉劑 400～ 600 倍液、或用 50%克菌丹可濕性粉劑 400～ 500 倍液，也可用 50%多菌靈可濕性粉劑 600～ 1000倍液噴霧。 11. 介殼蟲(chóng)的防治方法有哪些？ 保護(hù)和利用天敵，如紅點(diǎn)唇瓢蟲(chóng)；及時(shí)剪除蟲(chóng)枝、蟲(chóng)葉，集中燒毀；藥劑防治可在初孵若蟲(chóng)期，噴灑 40%氧化樂(lè)果 1000～ 1500 倍液，或用 50%馬拉硫磷 1500～ 2021 倍液。 12. 簡(jiǎn)述呋喃丹的防治對(duì)象及使用方法。 呋喃丹可防治螨蟲(chóng)、線蟲(chóng)及刺吸式口器害蟲(chóng)，使用方法是： 3%顆粒劑，草花地或苗床每畝施藥 2~3 千克，采用溝施或穴施的方法，防治蚜蟲(chóng)、粉虱、紅蜘蛛、根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)及地下害蟲(chóng)效果顯著。盆花依規(guī)格每盆 3～ 20 克左右。本品為劇毒農(nóng)藥，只作根際施藥。 13. 怎樣防治園林植物煤污病？ （ 1）園林栽培措施防治：種植不宜過(guò)密，并應(yīng)適當(dāng)修剪，以利通風(fēng)透氣，創(chuàng)造不利此菌生長(zhǎng)的環(huán)境。（ 2）化學(xué)防治：及時(shí)防治蚜蟲(chóng)和介殼蟲(chóng)。防治蚜蟲(chóng)可用 40%氧樂(lè)果 乳油1000 倍液，或 80%敵敵畏乳油 1500 倍液。防治介殼蟲(chóng)可用 1020 倍松脂合劑液。 7 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩_∩)O 謝謝?。?！ 2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄 Many people have the same mixed feelings when planning a trip during Golden Week. With heaps of time, the sevenday Chinese 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩_∩)O 謝謝！??！National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may bee more fatigued after the holiday, due to battling the large crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy traffic are inevitable at most places. Also to be expected are increasing transport and acmodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also mon that you39。 ll wait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the weeklong holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the uping Golden Week it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the remended travelling route, China Inner Mongolia Arxan — Hailar — Manzhouli. It is also the joint of the four prairies across the SinoMongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of geous colors all the year round the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name Haren Arxan means hot holy water in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green. Nestled close to the country39。s largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment, Arxan is marveled at by many tourists as the purest land on earth. You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best with brightlycolored scenery full of emotions. Autumn in the northern part of the country es earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints of Autumn brings more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland. Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marvel of splendid colors around the mountains and waters, many of whom have travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder. The silver birch turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits as well as the glamour of flowers in full blown. And your heart will be lingering on the woods as it39。s time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is i