【正文】 avus growing on stored grains, nuts and peanut butter, is an example of a potent, natural microbial carcinogen. – Certain viruses such as Hepatitis B B型肝炎 and human papilloma viruses 人類乳頭狀瘤病毒 have been found to cause cancer in humans. Aspergillis flavus More Carcinogens ? Benzene, asbestos 石棉 , and the waste rock of oil shale mining 油頁巖 have all been classified as carcinogenic. ? As far back as the 1930s, industrial smoke and tobacco smoke were identified as sources of dozens of carcinogens, including benzyopyrene and tobaccospecific nitrosamines ? Reactive aldehydes such as formaldehyde also carcinogenic — which is also a hazard in making plastics. ? Vinyl chloride, from which PVC is manufactured, is a carcinogen Pharmaceuticals Entering the Waste Stream ? Waste raw Materials from Manufacturing Process ? Wastage at the Distributor/ Pharmacy/Healthcare Facility ? Expired Pharmaceuticals ? Wastage at the Consumer Level ? Metabolites Entering Wastewater Waste drugs from healthcare facilities ? Sewer System – Unused, partial IVs, including antibiotics – Liquids ? Red Infectious Waste Sharps Containers, Bags ? Yellow or White Chemotherapy Sharps Containers, illegal dumps? Source: Brown, Michael, “Drums of Death”, Audubon, 120 July 1980. How is Pharmaceutical Waste Generated at a Healthcare Facility? ? IV Preparation ? Spills/Breakage ? Partially Used Vials/Syringes – If contaminated they are biohazardous ? Discontinued unused Preparations ? Discontinued undated Pharmaceuticals ? Patients? personal medications ? Outdated Pharmaceuticals Where is Pharmaceutical Waste Generated outside the industry? ? Pharmacy ? Patient Care Units ? Hospitals ? Clinics ? Long Term Care Facilities ? Home Health Care Services Which Discarded Drugs Bee Hazardous Waste? ? Characterise hazardous waste as per Waste Cataolgue and Waste Management Act – Ignitability 點燃 – Toxicity 有毒 – Corrosivity 腐蝕性的 – Reactivity 反應 Examples of Pharmaceutical Process Waste ? Solvents from manufacture of API ? Solids from API processing ? Water from chemical process ? Biological waste from microanisms in biopharmaceutical processes ? Blood and tissue waste from clinical studies ? Gas emissions – Waste byproduct from API process – Solvent VOCs volatile anic pounds Examples of hazardous Pharmaceuticals Wastewater Treatment Wastewater Treatment: What is measured? ? ? . ? . ? . ? Total nitrogen ? Phosphates ? Oils, fats and grease ? Ammonia, sulphate, chloride, ? Solvents ? Pharmaceutical actives How Can Hazardous Waste Generation Be Minimized? Substitute with a less hazardous chemical? ? Problem: the hazardous nature of the chemical often provides the therapeutic effect Tighter inventory control? ? Tighter inventory control to reduce the amount of outofdate medicines generated Single dose vials vs. multiple dose vials How Pharmaceutical Industry can reduce their waste ? Installation of a Waste Water Treatment plant ? Environmental training and awareness ? Efficient energy use ? Efficiency of raw material use ? Recyling of solvent waste through distillation processes ? Gas recovery ? Increase recyle rate ? Recovery of empty solvent drums for reuse Benefits of a Comprehensive Hazardous Waste Disposal Plan ? Reduces EPA liability and risk exposure to a minimum ? Protects employees and patients ? Demonstrates responsible care in dealing with hazardous substances, hazardous wastes